Abstract
This chapter analyzes the consequences of conflict by examining how the different types of conflict, namely interstate versus intrastate conflicts, and the different dimensions of conflict, namely the occurrence, magnitude, and duration of conflicts among states as well as the magnitude of interstate and intrastate conflicts among neighboring states, influence human well-being outcomes. The chapter identifies numerous causal mechanisms through which conflicts adversely affect human well-being. The theory is tested through a statistical analysis on a global sample of countries and includes a case narrative on Iraq.
Notes
- 1.
The conflict data come from Major Episodes of Political Violence (Marshall 2015). The subsequent empirical analyses section discusses how both interstate and intrastate conflict variables are measured.
- 2.
These countries were involved in civil conflicts , and the extravagant figures suggest the extent to which resources are diverted to military expenditures in spite of the fact that there were more pressing problems in these countries, like famines.
- 3.
Even though Palestine is not recognized as an international entity, the alarming rate of child deaths in Gaza indicates that children, being one of the most vulnerable groups, undergo tremendous suffering during conflicts .
- 4.
- 5.
A detailed description of all the dependent variables and control variables and methodology is discussed in Chap. 2. All the models also control for the level of democracy. I use the “polity2” variable from the Polity IV data set to classify democracies and nondemocracies (Marshall et al. 2014). The variable ranges from −10 to +10, where higher values indicate higher levels of democracy.
References
Alderman, Harold, John Hoddinott, and Bill Kinsey. 2004. Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood Nutrition. Households in Conflict Network (HiCN) Working Papers 09.
Ali, Mohamed M., and Iqbal H. Shah. 2000. Sanctions and Childhood Mortality in Iraq. The Lancet 355: 1851–1857.
Al-Khatteeb, Luay. 2014. How Iraq’s Black Market in Oil Funds ISIS. CNN.
Anderson, Charles H., and John R. Carter. 2001. On Disruption of Trade by War: A Reply to Barbieri & Levy. Journal of Peace Research 38 (5): 625–628.
Angell, Norman. 1933. The Great Illusion. New York: Putnam.
Arbetman, Marina, and Jacek Kugler. 1989. The Phoenix Factor Revisited: A Collective Good Evaluation of Differential Recovery Rates. Journal of Conflict Resolution 33 (1): 84–112.
Barbieri, Katherine, and Jack S. Levy. 1999. Sleeping with the Enemy: The Impact of War on Trade. Journal of Peace Research 36 (4): 463–479.
———. 2001. Does War Impede Trade? A Response to Anderton & Carter. Journal of Peace Research 38 (5): 619–624.
Bayer, Resat, and Mathew C. Rupert. 2004. Effects of Civil Wars on International Trade, 1950–92. Journal of Peace Research 41 (6): 699–713.
Berkman, Lisa F., Thomas Glass, Ian Brissettee, and Teresa E. Seeman. 2000. From Social Integration to Health: Durkheim in the New Millennium. Social Science & Medicine 51 (6): 843–857.
Brown, Michael. 1996. The Causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict. In The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, ed. M. Brown. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bundervoet, Tom, Philip Verwimp, and Richard Akresh. 2008. Health and Civil War in Rural Burundi. Policy Research Working Paper Series 4500.
Chan, Steve. 1986. Military Expenditures and Economic Performance. In World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, ed. ACDA, 29–37. Washington, DC: Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
Chan, Steve. 1995. Grasping the Peace Dividend: Some Propositions on the Conversion of Swords into Plowshares. Mearshon International Studies Review 39 (1): 53–95.
Cousins, Sophie. 2014. Iraq: Staff and Medicine Shortages are Major Challenges. The Lancet 384 (9947): 943–944.
Davis, D., and J. Kuritsky. 2002. Violent Conflict and its Impact on Health Indicators in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980 to 1997. International Studies Association. New Orleans, LA.
Durkheim, Emile. 1951. Suicide. New York: Free Press.
Frankish, Helen. 2003. Health of the Iraqi People Hangs in the Balance. The Lancet 361: 623–625.
Frontier Economics. 2015. South Sudan: The Cost of War. An Estimation of the Economic and Financial Costs of Ongoing Conflict. http://www.frontier-economics.com/documents/2015/01/south-sudan-cost-war.pdf
Ganguly, Sumit. 1996. Conflict and Crisis in South and Southwest Asia. In The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, ed. M. Brown. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Garfield, Richard M., and Alfred I. Neugut. 1997. The Human Consequences of War. In War and Public Health, ed. B.S. Levy and V.W. Sidel. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ghobarah, Hazem Adam, Paul Huth, and Bruce Russett. 2003. Civil Wars Kill and Maim People-Long after the Shooting Stops. American Political Science Review 97 (2): 189–202.
———. 2004. Comparative Public Health: The Political Economy of Human Misery and Well-Being. International Studies Quarterly 48: 73–94.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2007. Transnational Dimensions of Civil War. Journal of Peace Research 44 (3): 293–309.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, Idean Salehyan, and Kenneth A. Schultz. 2008. Fighting at Home, Fighting Abroad: How Civil Wars Lead to International Disputes. Journal of Conflict Resolution 52 (4): 479–506.
Gowa, Joanne. 1994. Allies, Adversaries, and International Trade. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hoskins, Eric. 1997. Public Health and the Persian Gulf War. In War and Public Health, ed. B.S. Levy and V.W. Sidel. New York: Oxford University Press.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). 2015. Global Overview 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: Norwegian Refugee Council.
Iqbal, Zaryab. 2006. Health and Human Security: The Public Health Impact of Violent Conflict. International Studies Quarterly 50 (3): 631–649.
Kennedy, Charles. 2015. Kurdish Oil Exports are Under Threat in Iraq. CNN.
Keshk, O.M.G., B.M. Pollins, and R. Reuveny. 2004. Trade Still Follows the Flag: The Primacy of Politics in a Simultaneous Model of Interdependence and Armed Conflict. Journal of Politics 66: 1155–1179.
Kim, Hyung Min, and David L. Rousseau. 2005. The Classical Liberals Were Half Right (or Half Wrong): New Tests of the “Liberal Peace”. Journal of Peace Research 42 (5): 523–543.
Knight, Malcolm, Norman Loayza, and Delano Villanueva. 1996. The Peace Divided: Military Spending Cuts and Economic Growth. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers 43 (1).
Kugler, Tadeusz, Kyung Kook Kang, Jacek Kugler, Marina Arbetman-Rabinowitz, and John Thomas. 2013. Demographic and Economic Consequences of Conflict. International Studies Quarterly 57: 1–12.
Kuznets, Simon S. 1964. Postwar Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
———. 1971. Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
———. 1973. Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections. The American Economic Review 63 (3): 247–258.
Lawson, Fred H. 2014. Syria’s Mutating Civil War and Its Impact on Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. International Affairs 90 (6): 1351–1365.
Leenders, Reinoud. 2008. Iraqi Refugees in Syria: Causing a Spillover of the Iraqi Conflict? Third World Quarterly 29 (8): 1563–1584.
Levine, David I., and Dov Rothman. 2006. Does Trade Affect Child Health? Journal of Health Economics 25: 538–554.
Levy, Barry S., and Victor W. Sidel. 1997. Preface. In War and Public Health, ed. B.S. Levy and V.W. Sidel. New York: Oxford University Press.
Li, Quan, and David Sacko. 2002. The (Ir)Relevance of Militarized Interstate Disputes for International Trade. International Studies Quarterly 46 (1): 11–43.
Li, Quan, and Ming Wen. 2005. The Immediate and Lingeing Effects of Armed Conflict on Adult Mortality: A Time-Series Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Peace Research 42 (4): 471–492.
Mansfield, Edward D. 1994. Power, Trade, and War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Marshall, Monty G. 2015. Major Episodes of Political Violence and Conflict Regions, 1946–2014. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Accessed from http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html.
Marshall, Monty, Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers. 2014. Polity IV Project: Codebook and Data Files. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Accessed from http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html.
Mintz, Alex. 1989. Guns Versus Butter: A Disaggregated Analysis. American Political Science Review 83 (4): 1285–1293.
Montgomery, Scott M., Derek G. Cook, Mel J. Bartley, and Michael E.J. Wadsworth. 1999. Unemployment in Young Men Pre-date Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Resulting in Medical Consultation. Journal of Epidemiology 28 (1): 95–100.
Morris, Joan K., Derek G. Cook, and Gerald A. Shaper. 1994. Loss of Employment and Mortality. British Medical Journal 308 (6937): 1135–1139.
Owen, Ann L., and Stephen Wu. 2007. Is Trade Good for your Health? Review of International Economics 15 (4): 660–682.
Peroff, Kathleen, and Margaret Podolak-Warren. 1979. Does Spending on Defense Cut Spending on Health? A Time-Series Analysis of the US Economy 1929–74. British Journal of Political Science 9 (1): 21–39.
Polachek, Solomon William. 1980. Conflict and Trade. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 24 (1): 55–78.
Salehyan, Idean. 2008. The Externalities of Civil Strife: Refugees as a Source of International Conflict. American Journal of Political Science 52 (4): 787–801.
Salehyan, Idean, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2006. Refugees and the Spread of Civil War. International Organization 60 (2): 335–366.
Shindo, Eiichi, and Gavan McCormack. 1985. Hunger and Weapons: The Entropy of Militarization. Review of African Political Economy 33: 6–22.
Stewart, Frances, Valpy Fitzgerald and Associates. 2001. War and Underdevelopment. Volume II. New York: Oxford University Press.
Thorp, Willard. 1941. Postwar Depressions. American Economic Review 30 (5): 352–361.
UNDP [United Nations Development Programme]. 2009. Arab Human Development Report 2009. Human Development Report. United National Publications.
UNHCR. 2015. 2015 UNHCR Country Operations Profile – Iraq. Geneva: Switzerland. Accessed from http://www.unhcr.org.
UNHCR. The UN Refugee Agency. 2015. Syria Regional Refugee Response. Geneva: Switzerland. Accessed from http://www.unhcr.org.
United Nations. 1998. Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. New York: New York. Accessed from https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/blog/document/guiding-principles-on-internal-displacement/.
Wheeler, Hugh. 1975. Effects of War on Industrial Growth. Society 12: 48–52.
World Bank. 2014. Republic of Iraq: Public Expenditure Review, Toward More Efficient Spending for Better Service Delivery. Washington, DC.
———. 2015. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
World Health Organization. 2003. Liberia Health Update. In 5 September. Geneva: Switzerland.
———. 2006. Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Iraq 2005–2010. Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean. Cairo: Egypt.
Wright, Chester W. 1943. The More Enduring Economic Consequences of America’s Wars. Journal of Economic History 3: 9–26.
Yildirim, Julide, and Selami Sezgin. 2002. Defense, Education and Health Expenditures in Turkey, 1924–96. Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 569–580.
Zolnikov, Tara Rava. 2013. The Maladies of Water and War: Addressing Poor Water Quality in Iraq. American Journal of Public Health 103 (6): 980–987.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bellinger, N. (2018). Conflict. In: Governing Human Well-Being. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65391-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65391-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65390-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65391-4
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)