Abstract
Cultural resources, like natural resources, are finite. Every country has cultural resources that reflect local history and prehistory and are vital both economically for tourism and socially as a foundation of cultural identity. This material cultural record is part of world heritage, something recognized by UNESCO since 1972 (http://whc.unesco.org). As archaeological and historical sites occur in relatively restricted areas, they are a limited resource that should be cared for, curated, and preserved for local, national, and international communities. Like natural resources, cultural resources are sensitive to human and natural intervention. Unfortunately, over the past 4 years, more than any other region on the planet, archaeological heritage sites in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East have suffered destruction at an alarming rate. Political instability, war, extreme ideologies, economic downturns, and other factors have led to the wanton destruction of heritage sites. As part of the University of California Office of the President Catalyst Grant project “At-Risk Cultural Heritage and the Digital Humanities,” the TerraWatchers Crowdsourcing platform is being used to involve citizen scientists in monitoring archaeological site destruction in war-torn Syria and Iraq using satellite imagery. This chapter presents an overview of TerraWatchers, how it relies on the expertise of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) Cultural Heritage Initiatives to identify at-risk sites in the region, and how university students in a classroom setting were trained to participate in this digital cultural heritage experiment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Casana, Jesse. 2015. Satellite imagery-based analysis of archaeological looting in Syria. Near Eastern Archaeology 78 (3): 142–152. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.78.3.0142.
Chopard, Bastien. 2012. Crowdsourcing satellite imagery analysis: study of parallel and iterative models. In Geographic information science, ed. Nicolas Maisonneuve, 116–131. Berlin: Springer.
Contreras, D., and N. Brodie. 2010. Quantifying destruction: an evaluation of the utility of publicly-available satellite imagery for investigating looting of archaeological sites in Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 35: 101–114.
Danti, Michael D. 2015. Ground-based observations of cultural heritage incidents in Syria and Iraq. Near Eastern Archaeology 78 (3): 132–141. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.78.3.0132.
Henderson, Emma. 2016. Syria’s six UNESCO World Heritage Sites all damaged or destroyed during civil war: Aleppo’s famous Umayyad Mosque complex badly hit, with 11th century minaret now ruined. The Independent, 16 March, 2016. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrias-six-unesco-world-heritage-sites-all-damaged-or-destroyed-during-civil-war-a6934026.html. Accessed 26 Mar 2016.
Kalil, Tom, and Dave, Wilkinson. 2015. Accelerating citizen science and crowdsourcing to address societal and scientific challenges, 30 September, 2015. https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/09/30/accelerating-use-citizen-science-and-crowdsourcing-address-societal-and-scientific. Retrieved 23 Mar 2016.
Lin, Albert Y.M. 2010. The search for Genghis Khan: using modern tools to hunt for an ancient past. In Aerospace conference, 2010 IEEE, 1–2.
———. (2016) “TomNod: crowdsourced satellite image analysis and the search for the tomb of Genghis Khan” Catalyst Conference, March 5, 2016, QualComm Institute, University of California, San Diego.
Parcak, Sarah. 2015. Archaeological looting in Egypt: a geospatial view (case studies from Saqqara, Lisht, and El Hibeh). Near Eastern Archaeology 78 (3): 196–203. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.78.3.0196.
Acknowledgements
The research presented in this chapter was funded by a UC Office of the President Catalyst grant (CA-16-376911) that was awarded to T.E. Levy in 2015. We are grateful to the UC San Diego Geisel Library, Catherine Friedman and Scott Mcavoy for providing instructional lab space for the project, and ASOR’s Michael D. Danti and Susan Penacho for providing more than 10,000 at-risk site locations in Syria and Iraq for inclusion in this study. We appreciate the administrative help of Margie Burton from the UC San Diego Center for Cyber-Archaeology and Sustainability.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Savage, S.H., Johnson, A., Levy, T.E. (2017). TerraWatchers, Crowdsourcing, and At-Risk World Heritage in the Middle East. In: Vincent, M., López-Menchero Bendicho, V., Ioannides, M., Levy, T. (eds) Heritage and Archaeology in the Digital Age. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65370-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65370-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65369-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65370-9
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)