Abstract
Ethics are governing principles that help guide people or groups when making moral decisions, judgments, or when engaging in actions. We draw upon our ethical principles when attempting to address some of the most complicated decisions in our lives, for example in health care when dealing with difficult matters such as assisted suicide or with terminally ill patients. Indeed, many modern professions (e.g., doctors, psychologists) have ethical codes to ensure that members engage in behaviors, which are seen as being the human ideal that recognizes the integrity, dignity, and the justice of the individuals and the situation. In this chapter, we posit that compassion might be the foundation principal necessary in making ethically wise decisions. To support this premise, we will first define compassion, and how it can be understood in terms of evolutionary function, physiological processes, and brain functioning. We will then examine the benefits of compassion and how this links with ethics. Finally, we will discuss specific interventions that aim to cultivate compassion and how these might offer hope for individuals and society in making ethically wise decisions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Armstrong, K. (2010). Twelve steps to a compassionate life. New York: Random House.
Ashar, Y. K., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Yarkoni, T., Sills, J., Halifax, J., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D. (2016). Effects of compassion meditation on a psychological model of charitable donation. Emotion, 16, 691–705. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000119
Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A. J., & Reid, R. M. (2011). Heart rate variability predicts cognitive reactivity to a sad mood provocation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9324-0
Bernard, C., Mills, M., Swenson, L., & Walsh, R. P. (2005). An evolutionary theory of human motivation. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 131, 129–184.
Bodhi, B. (2000). The noble eightfold way: Way to the end of suffering. Onalaska, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions.
Brosschot, J. F., Van Dijk, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2007). Daily worry is related to low heart rate variability during waking and the subsequent nocturnal sleep period. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.07.016
Brown, S. L., & Brown, R. M. (2015). Connecting prosocial behavior to improved physical health: Contributions from the neurobiology of parenting. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 55, 1–17.
Brune, M., Belsky, J., Fabrega, H., Feierman, J. R., Gilbert, P., Glantz, K., … Wilson, D. R. (2012). The crisis of psychiatry – Insights and prospects from evolutionary theory. World Psychiatry, 11, 55–57.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Conway, C., & Slavich, G. M. (2017). Behavior genetics of prosocial behavior. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, research and applications (pp. 151–170). New York: Routledge.
Cozolino, L. (2007). The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing brain. New York: W. W. Norton.
Dalai Lama. (1995). The power of compassion. India: Harper Collins.
Davidson, R. J. (2012). The biology of compassion. In C. Germer & D. Siegel (Eds.), Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy: Deepening mindfulness in clinical practice (pp. 111–110: 111–118). New York: Guilford Press.
Delle Fave, A., Massimini, F., & Bassie, M. (2010). Hedonism and eudaimonism in positive psychology. In A. Delle Fave, F. Massimini, & M. Bassie (Eds.), Psychological selection and optimal experience across cultures (pp. 3–18). Springer: New York.
Depue, R. A., & Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313–395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000063
Dunbar, R. I. M., & Barrett, L. (2007). The Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Bustamante, D., Mathy, R. M., Miller, P. A., & Lindholm, E. (1998). Differentiation of vicariously induced emotional reactions in children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.2.237
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Miller, P. A., Fultz, J., Shell, R., & Mathy, R. M. (1989). Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: A multimethod study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.1.55
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Smith, M., & Maszk, P. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 32, 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.195
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Miller, P., Gustavo, C., & Poulin, R. (1991). Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.459
Ekman, P. (2014). Moving toward global compassion. Lexington, KY: Paul Ekman Group.
Ekman, E., & Ekman, P. (2013). Cultivating emotional balance: Structure, research, and implementation. In T. Singer & M. Bolz (Eds.), Compassion: Bridging practice and science (pp. 398–414). Munich: Max Planck Society.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L. (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children’s reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60412-8
Farias, M., & Wikholm, C. (2015). The Buddha Pill: Can meditation change you? London: Watkins Publishing.
Feldman, C., & Kuyken, W. (2011). Compassion in the landscape of suffering. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 143–155.
Fowers, B. J. (2015a). The evolution of ethics: Human sociality and the emergence of ethical mindedness. London: Palgrave/McMillan.
Franco, Z., Blau, K., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2011). Heroism: A conceptual analysis and differentiation between heroic action and altruism. Review of General Psychology, 15, 99.
Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Coffey, K. A., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M. G., … Cole, S. W. (2013). A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 13684–13689. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305419110
Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind: A new approach to life’s challenges. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043
Gilbert, P., & Choden. (2013). Mindful compassion. London: Constable-Robinson.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2010). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807
Halifax, J. (2012). A heuristic model of enactive compassion. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care, 6, 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1097/SPC.0b013e3283530fbe
Harvey, P. (2000). An introduction to Buddhist ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hoffmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 1126–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003
Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2014). The selfish goal: Autonomously operating motivational structures as the proximate cause of human judgement and behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37, 121–135.
Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., … Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1113–1126.
Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9368-z
Jinpa, G. T. (2010). Compassion cultivation training (CCT): Instructor’s manual. Unpublished.
Junpa, G. T. (2015). Fearless heart. New York: Avery Publishing Group.
Kasser, T. (2011). Cultural values and the well-being of future generations: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396865
Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Zax, M., & Sameroff, A. J. (1995). The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents’ materialistic and prosocial values. Developmental Psychology, 31, 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.6.907
Keltner, D., Marsh, J., & Smith, J. A. (2010). The compassionate instinct. New York: Norton & Company.
Kidder, R. (2003). How good people make tough choices: Resolving the dilemmas of ethical living. New York: Harper Collins.
Kirby, J. N. (2016). Compassion interventions: The programs, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. Advanced online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/papt .
Kirby, J. N., Doty, J. R., Petrocchi, N., & Gilbert, P. (2017). The current and future role of heart rate variability for assessing and training compassion. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00040
Kirby, J. N., & Gilbert, P. (2016). The emergence of compassion focused therapies. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, research and application. London: Routledge.
Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2016). Cultivating compassion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions. Manuscript under review.
Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience, 7(9), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst060
Klinger, E. (1977). Meaning and void. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). How positive emotions build physical health: Perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological Science, 24, 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612470827
Konrath, S. H., O’Brien, E. H., & Hsing, C. (2011). Change in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377395
Krygier, J. R., Heathers, J. A., Shahrestani, S., Abbott, M., Gross, J. J., & Kemp, A. H. (2013). Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: A preliminary investigation into the impact of intensive Vipassana meditation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89, 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.017
Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: An early systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45, 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002141
Leiberg, S., Klimecki, O., & Singer, T. (2011). Short-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PLoS One, 6, e17798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017798
Leon, I., Hernandez, J. A., Rodriguez, S., & Vila, J. (2008). When head is tempered by heart: Heart rate variability modulates perception of other-blame reducing anger. Motivation & Emotion, 33, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9112-2
Liotti, G., & Gilbert, P. (2011). Mentalizing, motivation, and social mentalities: Theoretical considerations and implications for psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X520094
Making Caring Common Project, Harvard. (2014). MCCP Report: The Children We Mean to Raise. Retrieved from: http://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/files/gse-mcc/files/mcc-research-report.pdf?m=1448057487
MacLean, P. (1985). Brain evolution relating to family, play and the separation call. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 405–417.
Matos, M., Duarte, C., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Petroscchi, N., Basran, J, & Gilbert, P. (2016). Psychological and physiological effects of compassionate mind training: A randomised controlled trial. Under Review.
Mayseless, O. (2016). The caring motivation: An integrated theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Metzinger, T. (2009). The ego tunnel – the science of the mind and the myth of the self. New York: Basic Books.
Monroe, K. R. (1996). The heart of altruism: Perceptions of a common humanity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Monteiro, L. (2016). Implicit ethics and mindfulness: Subtle assumptions that MBIs are values-neutral. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 20, 210–224.
Monteiro, L. M., Musten, R. F., & Compson, J. (2015). Traditional and contemporary mindfulness: Finding the middle path in the tangle of concerns. Mindfulness, 6, 1–13.
Neel, R., Kenrick, D. T., White, A. E., & Neuberg, S. L. (2016). Individual differences in fundamental social motives. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 887–907.
Neff, K. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
Nesse, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1995). Evolution & healing. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Pace, T. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D., … Raison, C. L. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.011
Park, H., Twenge, J. M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2014). The great recession: Implications for adolescent values and behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613495419
Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). Compassion at the mirror: Exposure to a mirror increases the efficacy of a self-compassion manipulation in enhancing soothing positive affect and heart rate variability. The Journal of Positive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1209544
Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009
Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, 132–139.
Ricard, M. (2015). Altruism. London: Atlantic Books.
Seppala, E., Rossomando, T., & Doty, J. R. (2012). Social connection and compassion: Important predictors of health and well-being. Social Research, 80, 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2013.0027
Shapiro, S. L., Jazaieri, H., & Goldin, P. R. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction effects on moral reasoning and decision making. Journal of Positive Psychology . [Epub ahead of print]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.723732 .
Siegel, D. J. (2009). Mindsight: Change your brain and your life. Melbourne: Scribe.
Singer, T., & Bolz, M. (2013). Compassion. Bridging practice and science. Munich: Max Planck Society.
Strauss, C., Taylor, B. L., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., & Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004
Suess, P. A., Porges, S. W., & Plude, D. J. (1994). Cardiac vagal tone and sustained attention in school-age children. Psychophysiology, 31, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986
Svendsen, J. L., Osnes, B., Binder, P. E., Dundas, I., Visted, E., Nordy, H., … Sorensen, L. (2016). Trait self-compassion reflects emotional flexibility through an association with high vagally mediated heart rate variability. Mindfulness, 7, 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0549-1
Swain, J.E., & Ho, S.S. (2016). Parental brain – The crucible of compassion. In J. Doty and E. Seppala (Eds.) Oxford handbook on compassion science . Oxford: USA.
Tirch, D., Schoendorff, B., & Silberstein, L. R. (2014). The ACT practitioner’s guide to the science of compassion. New York: New Harbinger.
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorder, 61, 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Freeman, E. C. (2012). Generational differences in young adults’ life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966–2009. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1045–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027408
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kirby, J.N., Steindl, S.R., Doty, J.R. (2017). Compassion as the Highest Ethic. In: Monteiro, L., Compson, J., Musten, F. (eds) Practitioner's Guide to Ethics and Mindfulness-Based Interventions . Mindfulness in Behavioral Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64924-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64924-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64923-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64924-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)