Abstract
Xenophobia is one of the major forms of recurrent violence that has bedevilled Africa in general and Southern Africa in particular. As presented in this chapter, it is the mega form of violence in which all other forms of violence such as racism, sexism and tribalism metamorphosise and are reproduced. I argue that xenophobia is a consequence of colonial heritage. Colonialism either created or reinforced clashes of identity (race, tribal cleavages and ethnicity) upon which xenophobia thrives. Theoretically, I adopt the three categories of violence postulated by Slavoj Zizek, namely, subjective violence, symbolic violence and systemic violence to argue that xenophobia has a logic which perpetuates coloniality through various forms of reproduced ‘violences’. Therefore, it should not be analysed as a standalone form of violence, but rather as the main ‘reservoir’ of ‘violences’. Drawing from the Southern African experience, particularly that of Zimbabwe, the chapter identifies three preconditions necessary for the perpetration of xenophobia. They are the construction and reinforcement of certain identities, contestation over land and land ownership and by extension, exclusion from land ownership, and human movement wherein states’ borders are crossed by outsiders thereby encroaching on the territory of the insiders. The chapter reinterprets the occurrence of violence in Zimbabwe and concludes that colonialism explains xenophobic violence.
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- 1.
Necklacing is a ruthless apartheid era method of killing people, usually used in South Africa, in which the victim is placed in between used vehicle tyres which are then set alight. Such victims usually die painful deaths in full view of community members some of whom would have committed the offence. Very few necklacing victims survive.
- 2.
Prior to that, the country was known as South Zambezia and became known as Rhodesia in 1895, Southern Rhodesia between 1923 and 1979 and finally Zimbabwe-Rhodesia in 1979 before becoming Zimbabwe in 1980.
- 3.
Thingification is the act of treating people as non-humans or a thing. It denotes the highest form of disrespect in which humans; usually black people are treated by others, usually colonisers, as mere objects.
- 4.
For example, for South Africa and Botswana see Crush (2002); Morapedi (2007).
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Benyera, E. (2018). The Xenophobia-Coloniality Nexus: Zimbabwe’s Experience. In: Akinola, A. (eds) The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa. Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64897-2_11
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