Abstract
Neoliberal discourse has spread from the economic realm into all parts of society. This chapter discusses the current situation of neoliberal discourses and their effects on the arts, focusing on the United Kingdom. It also examines the historical development of British cultural policy, highlighting trends toward the marketization of the arts, increasing government intervention, and a growing emphasis on managerialism. The analysis shows that British arts organizations have been deeply affected by state and corporate interests. The chapter draws on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, who describes the field of cultural production as containing two poles that are autonomous or heteronomous. By tracing British cultural policy as it came to favor enterprise culture, the chapter demonstrates an increasing loss of autonomy in the arts.
Notes
- 1.
Many of these (rather wonderful) trailers exhort the viewer to “book now.” Trailers for upcoming performances are on the ENO website (but often more easily found through a Google search than via the “What’s On” tab on the ENO home page). Trailers from earlier productions can be seen on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/user/englishnationalopera) or on Vimeo (http://vimeo.com/englishnationalopera/videos) (both sites accessed and confirmed January 30, 2015).
- 2.
Of course, public arts funding was not without some criticism. Some objected to state funding on principle, some saw the supported arts sector as elitist, and some worried about the influence of funders (see Alexander and Rueschemeyer 2005).
- 3.
The history of arts funding in the United Kingdom is complicated by continual changes in organizations and funding arrangements. For instance, in 1992, John Major created the Department of National Heritage (DNH), which amalgamated a variety of functions related to the arts and culture, and which became an intermediary disburser of funds from the Treasury to the Arts Council of Great Britain. New Labour changed the Department’s name to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) in 1997. The Arts Council of Great Britain was separated into the four Arts Councils (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) in 1994, and the funding arrangements for each have subsequently diverged. I have attempted to provide a coherent narrative of change, leaving out many of the details for the sake of clarity.
- 4.
It also, to some extent, disguised cuts in funding by subsuming them into a competitive process. ACE reports: “We received 1,333 applications to join the National portfolio, submitting bids for a total of £1.4 billion. The 2012–15 National portfolio of 696 organizations replaces the previous regularly funded organizations portfolio of 849. 111 new organizations have been added to the National portfolio. 791 regularly funded organizations applied for National portfolio funding and 585 were successful. 206 regularly funded organizations will no longer receive funding” (ACE 2011b, n.p.).
- 5.
However, the United Kingdom lost three percentage points of market share between 2012 and 2013 (The European Fine Art Foundation 2014).
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Alexander, V.D. (2018). Enterprise Culture and the Arts: Neoliberal Values and British Art Institutions. In: Alexander, V., Hägg, S., Häyrynen, S., Sevänen, E. (eds) Art and the Challenge of Markets Volume 1. Sociology of the Arts . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64586-5_3
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