Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

What’s Not in a Frame? Analysis of Media Representations of the Environmental Refugee

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Exploring Silence and Absence in Discourse

Part of the book series: Postdisciplinary Studies in Discourse ((PSDS))

Abstract

The term ‘environmental refugees’ referring to people fleeing home and hearth due to climate change is a controversial construct. Academic and legal discourses ignore the existence of ‘environmental refugees’ and politicians from island nations that are at a risk of disappearing, resist the term ‘refugees’. Yet ‘environmental refugees’ is the name commonly used to refer to these people fleeing home ground due to the consequences of climate change. By examining how environmental refugees are framed in two British newspapers, The Guardian and The Times, over a 30-year period, it is possible to understand how the media’s representational practices project repeated absences that critically erase certain contemporary consequences of climate change; and, yet remain deliberately selective about the social construction of knowledge about climatic events and ensuing actions. This chapter proposes that one more way in which valid claims can be made about environmental refugees is to recognise patterns of absence(s) in the form of traces, masks and voids, following (Stibbe, Ecolinguistics: Language ecology and the stories we live by. London: Routledge, 2015). Media studies of framing have thus far suggested absence as only a by-product of the framing strategy itself. In this chapter, frames are examined alongside patterns of absence(s), to show how an issue is framed in a certain manner that is (dis)advantageous to certain groups. Without application of this approach, we are unwittingly participating in selectively making absent the evidence for the projection of the frame.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Refer to Sect. 9.2.2 for a detailed discussion on distinguishing the terms traces, masks and voids.

  2. 2.

    Not all ‘natural disasters’ can be blamed on climate change , e.g. the aftermath of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, which result from massive geological shifts within the earth are not from human activity at the surface. Exceptions exist like that of fracking that cause earthquakes. That said, it is possible to argue that high numbers of casualties in earthquakes in Nepal or Haiti are due to inferior construction, which may be related to poverty, clearly a dimension of human activity, though still unrelated to climate change since poverty and shoddy construction in these places have a long history in these places.

  3. 3.

    The terms ‘environmental refugee’ and ‘climate refugee’ are often used interchangeably. In this research, the term ‘climate refugee’ refers to a specific subset of refugees who are victims of human-induced climate change whereas ‘environmental refugee’ describes populations that move due to dramatic and violent climatic events that may or may not be humanly induced.

  4. 4.

    Relevant examples follow in Sect. 9.3.1.

  5. 5.

    The choice of using the search term ‘migrant’ is a conscious one, as there is academic literature that suggests that the use of the term migrant is better suited as it is a choice people make to move across international borders.

  6. 6.

    The subtopics are listed in Appendix.

  7. 7.

    Please refer to Appendix for a list of subtopics.

  8. 8.

    Not detailed in this chapter but an equally important phenomenon contributing to masking climate change and its consequences on species is presenting the issue in the form of episodic frames. The issues are presented in the form of concrete instances or specific events instead of thematic frames that focus broader social trends at a more abstract level and discuss general outcomes (Iyengar, 1990).

References

  • Barnett, J. (2001). The meaning of environmental security: Ecological politics and policy in the new security era. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, F., & Boas, I. (2010). Preparing for a warmer world: Toward a global governance system to protect climate refugees. Global Environmental Politics, 10(1), 60–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, R., Kniveton, D., & Schmidt-Verkerk, K. (2013). Migration and climate change: Toward an integrated assessment of sensitivity. In T. Faist & J. Schade (Eds.), Disentangling migration and climate change: Methodologies, political discourses, and human rights (pp. 29–53). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. R. (2008). Troubling new flows of environmental refugees. Retrieved June 14, 2016, from http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2004/update33

  • Carvalho, A. (2008). Media(ted) discourse and society: Rethinking the framework of critical discourse analysis. Journalism Studies, 9(2), 161–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi, S., & Doyle, T. (2015). Climate terror: A critical geopolitics of climate change. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Christian Aid. (2007). Human tide: The real migration crisis. London: May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M., Chandler, R. R., Cox, P. M., Huthnance, J. M., Rougier, J., & Stephenson, D. B. (2012). Quantifying future climate change. Nature Climate Change, 2, 403–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalby, S. (2002). Environmental security. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vreese, C. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal + Document Design, 13(1), 51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental refugees. Nairobi: United Nations High Commission for Refugees.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 6–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and US foreign policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (1997). Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the ‘postsocialist’ condition. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamson, W. A. (1992). Taking politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, S. (1990). Ill fares the land. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K., & Martin, J. R. (1993). Writing science: Literacy and discursive power. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, T. K., & Weber, C. R. (2009). Who said what? The effect of source cues in issue- frames. Political Behaviour, 31(4), 537–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornmoen, H. (2009). ‘What researchers now can tell us’ – Representing scientific uncertainty in journalism. Research and Knowledge in Communication, 3(4), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huckin, T. (2002). Textual silence and the discourse of homelessness. Discourse & Society, 13(3), 347–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel, A. (2013). The status of the coral reefs and the management approaches: The case of the Maldives. Ocean & Coastal Management, 82, 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.05.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jessop, B. (2000). The crisis of the national spatio-temporal fix and the tangential ecological dominance of globalizing capitalism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 323–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzon, D. (2007). Toward a typology of silences. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(10), 1673–1688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, J. (2012). Climate change, forced migration, and international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, K. E., & Gibson, C. (2009). We do not want to leave our land:’ Pacific ambassadors at the United Nations resist the category of ‘climate refugees. Geoforum, 40, 475–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, J. (2009). Environmental change and forced migration; A state of the art review. Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, N. (2002). Environmental refugees: A growing phenomenon of the 21st century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 357(1420), 609–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noeille-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence. A theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24, 43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page, E., & Redclift, M. R. (2002). Human security and the environment: International comparisons. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Piguet, É., Pécoud, A., & de Guchteneire, P. (2011). Migration and climate change. Paris: Cambridge University Press/UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleppegrell, M. J. (2001). Linguistic features of the language of school. Linguistics and Education, 12(4), 431–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stal, M. (2009). Flooding and relocation in central Mozambique: Case study. Report for the EACH-For Project. World Populations Prospects, the 2004 Revision. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stibbe, A. (2015). Ecolinguistics: Language ecology and the stories we live by. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNFCCC. (2007). Information on adaptation approaches, strategies, practices and technologies at the regional, national and local levels in different sectors, as well as on experiences, needs and concerns. Bali: UNFCCC.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNHCR. (2011). The 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees and its 1967 protocol. Geneva: Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Media contents: The interdisciplinary study of news as discourse. In K. B. Jensen & N. W. Jankowski (Eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication (pp. 108–120). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Society in discourse. How context controls text and talk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Newspaper Sources

    The Times

    • Anonymous. (1995, August 10). The world could soon have more than 200 million “environmental refugees.” The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2010, November 29). £173bn a year ‘will avert huge migration of climate refugees’. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2013a, September 28) Global lukewarming need not be catastrophic. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2013b, October 18). Climate change refugee battle. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Aslet, C. (2007, January 6). Farmer Giles and the elephant grass. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Binyon, M. (1996, May 29). Red cross predicts ten-year doubling of refugee total. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brayfield, C. (2000, November 13). Too little, too late. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Buckoke, A. J. (2001, April 14). Clear thinking on climate change. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Cato, A. (2009, December 9). A regular musician’s guide to climate change. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Kenneth, D. (2008, May 13). After the storm; Now the survivors face an epic struggle to stay alive. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lagan, B. (2014, January 18). Bats drop dead out of trees as Australia buckles in the heat. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lewis, S. (2007, December 3). Climate change means tropics are much bigger than maps say. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • McCarthy, M. (1990, May 26). Thatcher sets tough global warming target. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • McCarthy, M. (1991, September 21). Green demands the abolition of all immigration curbs/SCT. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • McConnell, T. (2009, October 22). 23 million are starving in the drought; But rain will bring only more disaster. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • McConnell, T. (2011, August 3). Millions could starve unless $1.4bn aid sent now, warns UN. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Meachers, M. (2006, February 10). Ten years to prevent catastrophe. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Nicholson-Lord, D. (2006, December 15). How the world woke up to global warming. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Nuttall, N. (1997, November 29). Islanders ready for Pacific evacuation. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Nuttall, N. (1998, August 12). Earth blazes into the next millennium. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Page, J. (2007a, August 6). Disease fear over millions driven from homes by monsoon flooding. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Page, J. (2007b, February 2). Climate of fear in sinking country. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Page, J. (2008, November 3). Forest of doom: Man and tiger in deadly struggle for survival amid floods and shrinking territory. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Page, J. (2009, December 5). The glacier is dying: Scientist climb mountains to reach an unwelcome truth. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Ryder, R. S. (1991, May 2). Need for world fund on afflictions. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Simons, P. (2007, May 3). Cold climate’s devastating role in the Act of Union. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Smith, L. (2008, January 24). Climate change will lead to warfare over food and water. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Smith, L. (2009a, December 3). Climate change means tropics are much bigger than the maps say. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Smith, L. (2009b, March 14). Global warming “can be controlled.” The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Sylvester, R., & Thomson, A. (2011, March 26). Why Britain needs a new way of responding to a disastrous world. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Thomas, C. (1990, November 20). Maldives fights to keep its head above rising waters. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Valley, P. (1985, July 17). Famine errors that have killed thousands. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Valley, P. (1987, March 11). Refugees’ hungry but safe from war. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Webster, B. (2010, November 29). 173b a year will avert huge migration of climate refugees. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Webster, B. (2013, September 25). Climate change forecasters “failed to see human costs.” The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Wright, P. (1989a, February 15). Joint 2 million pound venture to save wildlife and protect forest. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    • Wright, P. (1989b, June 6). Greenhouse effect will bring refugees. The Times.

      Google Scholar 

    The Guardian

    • Adam, D. (2005, October 12). 50m environmental refugees by end of decade, UN warns. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (1990, November 30). Famine in the coldest climate. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (1999, June 25). Natural disasters produce majority of refugees. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2006, October 31). Climate change: Stern warning. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2008, June 18). Climate change fuels refugee crisis. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2009a, May 18). We have taken every measure we can think of to stop the desert moving closer and submerging our crops and villages. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2009b, May 19). The eco-refugee: Huang Cuikun: “To survive we must control the desert”. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2009c, May 27). Prince Charles: Delay on rainforest will have catastrophic consequences. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2009d, June 19). Climate change: What it means for US. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2013c, May 14). America’s climate refugees: Changing picture. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2013d, October 14). G2: The climate change survivor’s guide. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2013e, December 5). Can the Carteret atoll refugees of climate change bank on chocolate? The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Anonymous. (2015, March 8). Climate change and social disruption. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Ardill, J. (1989, June 6). Climate changes “threaten refugees crisis.” The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Balch, O. (2015, February 25). The Pacific Islands: Tomorrow’s climate refugees struggle to access water today. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Black, I. (2001, April 3). UK “most racist” in Europe on refugees: Commission blames media and government. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Borger, J. (2008, June 17). Conflicts fueled by climate change causing new refugee crisis, warns UN. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brown, P. (1990, May 22). UN warns of global time bomb: Greenhouse effect set to redraw world map in 60 years. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brown, P. (1999, June 24). Environment more than warfare overtaken as refugee cause. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brown, P. (2000a, December 20). Sahara jumps Mediterranean into Europe: Climate change threatens to create dust belt around globe. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brown, P. (2000b, May 15). West’s pollutions blamed for world disasters. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brown, P. (2003, September 30). Refugee warning to global polluters. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Brown, P. (2005, February 3). Climate conference hears degree of danger. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Carroll, R. (2003, December 18). How rice farming and refugees brought malaria to vulnerable corner of Burundi. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Goldenberg, S. (2011a, February 22). Ban Ki-moon takes climate change effects to Hollywood. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Goldenberg, S. (2011b, July 20). UN Security Council to consider climate change peacekeeping. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Goldenberg, S. (2013, May 13). America’s first climate refugees. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Guest, I. (1989, October 4). Flood threat to Pacific island. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Harvey, F. (2011, October 10). Climate change could trap hundreds of millions in disaster areas. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Jowit, J. (2012, January 26). Flooding to cost UK billions as climate changes. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Lawrence, F. (2011, July 5). Famine factors: Extreme weather and conflict lead to crisis. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Leahy, S. (2013a, November 13). US fear climate talks will focus on compensation for extreme weather. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Leahy, S. (2013b, November 14). US fears focus on “blame and liability” in climate talks. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Milman, O. (2013, July 30). Marshall Islands calls for leadership from Australia on climate change. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Myers, N. (1995, June 27). The first wave of human flood. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Pendleton, A. (2007, June 21). China not to blame for climate change. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Ramesh, R. (2008, November 10). Paradise almost lost: Maldives seek to buy a new homeland: Maldives seeks new home as sea level rise. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Randerson, J. (2009, December 4). UK should open borders to climate refugees, says Bangladeshi minister. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Sample, I. (2006, October 4). Extreme droughts will spread; warn forecasters. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Sherwood, H. (2014, June 20). More than 51m people forced to leave homes. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Simms, A. (2002, August 27). Earth Summit 2002: Comment: Now is in the time for rich to match poor’s generosity. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Smith, A. D. (2013, December 3). Chad struggles to prevent disease in midst of humanitarian emergency. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Smith, D. (2009c, July 10). Volatile river levels bring devastating floods to Zambia. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Smith, D. (2009d, June 6). Climate change: Zambia: Routine floods are coming in too soon, too strong. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Tan, M. (2012, October 16). Forced migration in the 21st century: Urbanized and unending. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Taylor, L. (2013, June 30). Kevin Rudd attempts to plug political weak spots with change. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vaughan, A. (2010, October 28). Future London: The capital after climate change. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (1996, February 16). Global warming disaster “on way:” Scientist warns of risks from rising sea levels. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (1997, September 27). South East Asian smog crisis: Poison fog blanket threatens world climate. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2001, June 8). Causes for concern: Social and environmental campaign groups at risk. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2005, November 25). New proof of global warming: Pacific Atlantis: First climate change refugees. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2007, March 2). Build inland, UN climate report warns. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2009a, December 4). Migration is the only escape from rising sea levels in Bangladesh. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2009b, May 28). Charles in rainforest plea to Nobel laureates. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2011a, February 4). Climate change not expected to lead to mass cross-border migration. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2011b, July 22). To pin the Somalia crisis on drought is wrong: This is an entirely predictable, man-made calamity. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2013a, January 29). Sea change: The Bay of Bengal’s vanishing. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Vidal, J. (2013b, January 30). Encroaching sea turns islanders into climate refugees. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    • Williams, N. (1990, October 11). Surge tide threat to Thames barrier. The Guardian.

      Google Scholar 

    Download references

    Author information

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

      Nina Venkataraman

    Authors
    1. Nina Venkataraman
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Editor information

    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Modern Languages and European Studies, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

      Melani Schröter

    2. School of English, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom

      Charlotte Taylor

    Appendix: List of Subtopics

    Appendix: List of Subtopics

    The following list of subtopics were listed with the following information:

    1. 1.

      Writer(s) and complete Reference:

    2. 2.

      Word count:

    3. 3.

      Unique observational angle if any:

    4. 4.

      Unique phrasing (e.g. adjectives, metaphors , descriptions, etc.) if any:

    5. 5.

      Comments on findings about framing:

    6. 6.

      Comments on pattern of absences:

    7. 7.

      Weighted Total:

    Extrinsic

    Pro-migration

    Pro-adaptive Measure(s)

    Effects of climate change on species

    Negative effects of climate change on species, thus reason to move. The effects were listed in terms of:

     Health

     Species

     Ecosystems

     Humans

    Negative description of effects of climate change on species locally, thus reason to adapt locally. The effects were listed in terms of:

     Health

     Species

     Ecosystems

     Humans

    Destruction and thus movement away from epicentre (irreversible)

    Destruction (which may be slow and gradual) thus change in a way of life

    Migration as a solution

    Recommends action for movement

    Resistance against moving

    Climate change as a security risk

    Violent conflict and wars between states

    Positive advantages of staying back

    Competition for scarce resources in host countries

    Competition for scarce resources in native country, thus adaptation recommended

    Empathy for host countries

    Empathy for people moving

    Protecting national: shores

    Negative portrayal of costs

    Positive attributes of saving (international) funds

    Influx, a strain on the system in terms of competition for jobs

    Benefits of helping from a distance (inclusive of funds)

    Intrinsic

    Pro-migration

    Pro-adaptive Measure

    Risk (Generalities)

    Negative description of accepting refugees/ migrants

    Positive outcomes of non-risk behaviour locally

    Uncertain future of these people (migrants/refugees)

    Better future adapting to home ground changes

    Spread of diseases, impact on socio-economic fabric of the nation

    Glocal-adaptive strategies to improve the socio-economic fabric of the nation

    National interest

    Climate action in favour of individual nations

    Climate action not recommended

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2018 The Author(s)

    About this chapter

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this chapter

    Venkataraman, N. (2018). What’s Not in a Frame? Analysis of Media Representations of the Environmental Refugee. In: Schröter, M., Taylor, C. (eds) Exploring Silence and Absence in Discourse. Postdisciplinary Studies in Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64580-3_9

    Download citation

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64580-3_9

    • Published:

    • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

    • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64579-7

    • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64580-3

    • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation