Abstract
The author conducted research on the effectiveness of information and communication technology (ICT) on the maintenance of traditional language in an Indigenous community in Canada. Her study focused on the use of ICT not only in relation to language recovery and maintenance but also on the effectiveness of fluency. Her work blended cultural studies, computer science, the psychology of language acquisition, Indigenous studies (including Indigenous epistemologies), and the sociology of education. Overall, her research demonstrated that while ICT was successful in supporting micro-level activities managed by individuals, fluency generally did not result. Her recommendations include the creation of a catalogue of all content developed and applications in use to be maintained by a central and agreed upon party, the use of applications in a Software as a Service (SaaS) or similar model, continuation of ongoing formal and informal meetings of the individuals who are working to revitalize the language, and ongoing attempts by the community to determine why language is not being spoken while continuing to make the language visible.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, K. (2009). Leading by action: Female chiefs and the political landscape. In G. G. Valaskakis, M. D. Stout, & E. Guimond (Eds.), Restoring the balance: First nations women, community, and culture (pp. 99–123). Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
Atleo, M. R. (2001). Learning models in the Umeek narratives: Identifying an education framework through storywork with first nations elders. The University of British Columbia, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Vancouver, BC.
Austin, P. K., & Sallabank, J. (2011). Introduction. In P. K. Austin & J. Sallabank (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of endangered languages (pp. 1–24). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Battiste, M. (2008). Research ethics for protecting indigenous knowledge and heritage. In N. K. Denzin, Y. S. Lincoln, & L. T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of critical and indigenous methodologies (pp. 497–509). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Berkes, F. (1993). Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective. In J. T. Inglis (Ed.), Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases (pp. 1–9). Ottawa, ON: IDRC/CRDI. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/id/10119699.
Bourget, N. (2016). Case study: An evaluation of information and communication technology use in upriver Halq’eméylem language programs. Language Documentation & Conservation, 10, 165–187.
Bracewell, M. (1997). Halq’eméylem language programmes in Stó:lō territory: An historical review and current summary. Ethnographic Field School, University of British Columbia.
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (Eds.). (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school (Expanded ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Castells, M. (2005). The network society: From knowledge to policy. In M. Castells & G. Cardoso (Eds.), The network society: From knowledge to policy (pp. 3–22). Washington, DC: John Hopkins Center for Transatlantic Relations. Retrieved from http://www.umass.edu/digitalcenter/research/pdfs/JF_NetworkSociety.pdf.
Dauenhauer, N. M., & Dauenhauer, R. (1998). Technical, emotional, and ideological issues in reversing language shift: Examples from Southeast Alaska. In L. A. Grenoble & L. J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response (pp. 57–98). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Eisenlohr, P. (2004). Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 21–45.
First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council. (2010). Report on the status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2010. Retrieved from http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/2010-report-on-the-status-of-bc-first-nations-languages.pdf.
Fishman, J. A. (2008). Why is it so hard to save a threatened language? (A perspective on the cases that follow). In J. A. Fishman (Ed.), Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing language shift, revisited: A 21st century perspective (pp. 1–22). Multilingual Matters 116. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd. (Original work published in 2001).
Galloway, B. (1988). The upriver Halkomelem language program at Coqualeetza. Human Organization, 47(4), 291–297.
Galloway, B. (2009). Dictionary of upriver Halkomelem (Vol. 1). University of California Press. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/65r158r4.
Grenier, L. (1998). Working with indigenous knowledge: A guide for researchers. Ottawa, ON: IDRC.
Grenoble, L. A. (2011). Language ecology and endangerment. In P. K. Austin & J. Sallabank (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of endangered languages (pp. 27–44). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Groggins, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2013). Embracing uniqueness: The underpinnings of a positive climate for diversity. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 86, 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12008.
Guillaume, Y. F., Dawson, J. F., Woods, S. A., Sacramento, C. A., & West, M. A. (2013). Getting diversity at work to work: What we know and what we still don’t know. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 86, 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12009.
Harrison, K. D. (2007). When languages die: The extinction of the world’s languages and the erosion of human knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hinton, L. (2008a). Language revitalization: An overview. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (Eds.), The green book of language revitalization in practice (3rd ed., pp. 3–18). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Hinton, L. (2008b). Learning and teaching endangered indigenous languages. In N. Van Deusen-Scholl & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education (2nd ed., Vol. 4: Second and Foreign Language Education, pp. 157–67). Cham: Springer Science + Business Media LLC.
Hodgson, D. E., & Paton, S. (2016). Understanding the professional project manager: Cosmopolitans, locals and identity work. International Journal of Project Management, 34, 352–364.
Julien, M., Wright, B., & Zinni, D. M. (2010). Stories from the circle: Leadership lessons learned from aboriginal leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 114–126.
Kaplan, D. M. (Ed.). (2009). Readings in the philosophy of technology (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Kipp, D. (2009). Encouragement, guidance and lessons learned: 21 years in the trenches of indigenous language revitalization. In J. Reyhner & L. Lockard (Eds.), Indigenous language revitalization: Encouragement, guidance & lessons learned (pp. 1–9). Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University. Retrieved from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILR/.
Kirkness, V. J. (1998). The critical state of aboriginal languages in Canada. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 22(1), 93–107.
Konig, B., Diehl, K., Tscherning, K., & Helming, K. (2013). A framework for structuring interdisciplinary research management. Research Policy, 42, 261–272.
Konrad, A. M., Prasad, P., & Pringle, J. K. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of workplace diversity. London, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Kotter, J. P., & Cohen, D. S. (2002). The heart of change: Real-life stories of how people change their organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Krauss, M. (1992). The world’s languages in crisis. Language, 68(1), 4–10.
Kwak, Y. H., & Anbari, F. T. (2009). Analyzing project management research: Perspectives from top management journals. International Journal of Project Management, 27, 435–446.
Luker, K. (2008). Salsa dancing into the social sciences: Research in an age of info-glut. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Makagon, D., & Neumann, M. (2008). Recording culture: Audio documentary and the ethnographic experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Moore, P., & Hennessy, K. (2006). New technologies and contested ideologies: The Tagish FirstVoices Project. American Indian Quarterly, 30(1–2), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2006.0006.
Moss, G. (2012). Lessons on profiting from diversity. In G. Moss (Ed.), Lessons on profiting from diversity (pp. 1–18). Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nesbit, T., & Martin, A. (2016). The interdisciplinary nature of the skills needed by project managers. Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology, 16(1).
Norris, M. J. (2009). The role of first nations women in language continuity and transition. In G. G. Valaskakis, M. D. Stout, & E. Guimond (Eds.), Restoring the balance: First nations women, community, and culture (pp. 313–353). Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
Sepass, B., & Knickerbocker, M. (2013). “Bring home the canoe”: Travelling through Sto:lo history with Chief William Sepass’ shovel-nosed canoe. Sharing Experience & Building Knowledge. Chilliwack, BC.
Shenhar, A. J., & Dvir, D. (2007). Project management research—The challenge and opportunity. Project Management Journal, 38(2), 93–99.
Smith, D. A. (2001). History revealed through Salishan languages. In K. T. Carlson (Ed.), A Sto:lo-Coast Salish historical atlas (Vol. 21). Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre, Ltd. and Sto:lo Nation.
Smith, L. T. (2002). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. London, UK: Zed Books Ltd.
Statistics and Measurement Directorate. (2007). Aboriginal demography—Population, household and family projections, 2001–2026. Catalogue: R3-62/2007. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/ai_rs_pubs_sts_ad_ad_1309454434736_eng.pdf.
Tyler, T. R. (2002). Is the internet changing social life? It seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 195–205.
Wagner, M., & Urios-Aparisi, E. (2008). Pragmatics of humor in the foreign language classroom: Learning (with) humor. In M. Putz & J. A. N.-V. Aertselaer (Eds.), Studies on language acquisition: Developing contrastive pragmatics: Interlanguage and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 209–228). Berlin, DEU: Mouton de Gruyter.
Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zhao, Y. (2003). Recent developments in technology and language learning: A literature review and meta-analysis. CALICO Journal, 21(1), 7–27.
Zulch, B. G. (2014). Communication: The foundation of project management. Procedia Technology, 16, 1000–1009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bourget, N. (2018). A Case Study of an Upriver Halq’eméylem Language Programme in British Columbia. In: Pulla, S., Schissel, B. (eds) Applied Interdisciplinarity in Scholar Practitioner Programs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64453-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64453-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64452-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64453-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)