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The United States and China: Seeking Complementary Approaches

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Part of the book series: Global Political Transitions ((GLPOTR))

Abstract

The formulation of China’s emerging Middle East and North Africa strategy is shaped as much by US predicaments in the region as it is by the twenty-first century’s Great Game, the high-stakes battle for the future of Eurasia. Power, influence, geopolitics, and economics rather than ideology drive US-Chinese rivalry as well as the Great Game.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bilahari Kausikan, US-China Relations: Groping towards a New Modus Vivendi, Institute of Policy Studies, S.R. Nathan Lecture, 25 February 2016

  2. 2.

    Ibid. Alterman

  3. 3.

    David Shambaugh, China Goes Global: The Partial Power, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, Kindle, edition

  4. 4.

    Wu Jianmin, One Belt and One Road, Asia’s Stability and Prosperity, RSIS Distinguished Public Lecture, 12 March 2015

  5. 5.

    Cui Tiankai, US-China CEO Bilateral Investment Dialogue, Goldman Sachs, 12 February 2015, http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/us-china-bilateral-investment-dialogue/

  6. 6.

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  7. 7.

    Xie Chao, To form an alliance with China? (与中国结盟吗?), China Diplomacy, January 2017, p. 44–69, http://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/615600?dbcode=1&flag=2

  8. 8.

    The Economist, Looking east, 9 December 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/17680668

  9. 9.

    Li Weijan and Zhao Jin, China must talk about the “One Belt One Road” in ways that fit the reality of the Middle East, ChinaMed, 15 September 2017, https://www.chinamed.it/observer/index.html#!/posts/China-must-talk-about-the-One-Belt-One-Road-in-ways-that-fit-the-reality-of-the-Middle-East/189

  10. 10.

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  11. 11.

    Simeon Kerr, Will China Buy Aramco? Financial Times, 21 August 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/0141ef20-0e4f-3b1b-b48e-d3c3c5a17968

  12. 12.

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  15. 15.

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  16. 16.

    Martin Harrison, Relations between the Gulf Oil Monarchies and the People’s Republic of China, 1971–2005, Lancaster University, Unpublished PhD thesis, 2006

  17. 17.

    James M. Dorsey, Policy differences emerge among Gulf states days after wooing President Trump, The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer, 27 May 2017, https://mideastsoccer.blogspot.co.uk/2017/05/policy-differences-emerge-among-gulf.html

  18. 18.

    Multiple interviews with the author 2011–2017

  19. 19.

    Andrew Scobell and Alireza Nader, China in the Middle East, The Wary Dragon, Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2016, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1229.html#page-content

  20. 20.

    Xinhua, Full text of China’s Arab Policy Paper, 13 January 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2016-01/13/c_135006619.htm

  21. 21.

    James M. Dorsey, China and the Middle East: Embarking on a Strategic Approach, RSIS Commentary, 16 September 2014, https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CO14183.pdf

  22. 22.

    Kathy Gill, Barack Obama Acceptance Speech—DNC—28 August 2008, About.com, 28 August 2008, http://uspolitics.about.com/od/speeches/a/obama_accept.htm

  23. 23.

    Cheng Dongxiao et al., Building up a Cooperative & Co-progressive New Asia: China’s Asia Strategy towards 2020, Shanghai: Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, 2012

  24. 24.

    Institute for Energy Research, U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer, 10 July 2014, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/English.pdf

  25. 25.

    Ibid. Wu Jianmin

  26. 26.

    U.S. Department of State, U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue Outcomes of the Strategic Track, 14 July 2014, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/07/229239.htm

  27. 27.

    Sara Hamdan, UAE Becomes a Magnet for Chinese Students, The New York Times, 15 September 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/world/middleeast/uae-becomes-a-magnet-for-chinese-students.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0

  28. 28.

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  29. 29.

    IRIB World Service, China: Ningxia aims to become capital of Halal food processing, 18 September 2013, http://english.irib.ir/news/world/asia/item/164325-china-ningxia-aims-to-become-capital-of-halal-food-processing

  30. 30.

    Joseph S. Nye, What China and Russia Don’t Get About Soft Power, Foreign Policy, 29 April 2013, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/29/what-china-and-russia-dont-get-about-soft-power/

  31. 31.

    Sean Foley, Seek Knowledge Even If It Takes You to China (Via Washington): America, China, and Saudi Arabia in the Twenty-First Century, Presentation at China in the Middle East Conference, Beijing, 18 March 2015

  32. 32.

    Kyle Haddad-Fonda, China’s New Challenge: How to Win the Soft-Power War, The National Interest, 24 July 2017, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinas-new-challenge-how-win-the-soft-power-war-21651?page=show

  33. 33.

    Jon B. Alterman, Chinese Soft Power and its Implications for the United States, Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 2009, p. 73, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/090403_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf

  34. 34.

    People’s Daily Online, Chinese studies available in Egypt’s top university, 10 October 2014, http://en.people.cn/200410/10/eng20041010_159608.html

  35. 35.

    Reem Leila, The Chinese arrived, Al Ahram Weekly Online, 18–24 September, 2008, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2008/915/eg4.htm

  36. 36.

    Ibid. Alterman, Chinese Soft Power

  37. 37.

    Roula Khalaf, Richard McGregor, and Sundeep Tucker, “The Great Bridge of China: How Energy Hungry Beijing Hews Its Mideast Links,” FT.com, 12 February 2007, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/582bb7aeba3d-11db-89c8-0000779e2340.html

  38. 38.

    China.org.cn, Hu Jintao’s report at 17th Party Congress, 15 October 2007, http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/229611.htm#7

  39. 39.

    Pew Research Center, America’s Global Image Remains More Positive than China’s, 18 July 2013, http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/americas-global-image-remains-more-positive-than-chinas/

  40. 40.

    Reuters, China’s Xi strikes conciliatory note, broadens diplomatic focus, 30 November 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-southchinasea-idUSKCN0JE04J20141130

  41. 41.

    Hany Mohamed, Chinese, Egyptians celebrate Chinese Spring Festival at Al Azhar Park (يحتفلون بعيد الربيع الصينى بحديقة الأز هر بالصور.. الصينيون والمصريون), Youm al-Sabaa, 20 January 2017, http://www.youm7.com/story/2017/1/20/3064820/بالصور-الصينيون-والمصريون-يحتفلون-بعيد-الربيع-الصينى-بحديقة-الأزهر

  42. 42.

    Matthew Garrahan, Chinese group teams with Image Nation for $300m film fund, Financial Times, 13 November 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/e2644fc2-a7a8-11e6-8b69-02899e8bd9d1

  43. 43.

    Gu Shi Xin, Liu Qibao attended the signing of the Chinese film and television drama in Morocco and the launching ceremony (刘奇葆出席中国影视剧在摩洛哥展播签约及开播仪式), CRI Online, 21 April 2017, http://news.cri.cn/20170421/593331af-625f-194d-61ee-32f3dc361bd7.html

  44. 44.

    Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, “Golden Wolf’s happy life” Egypt premiere success (《金太狼的幸福生活》埃及首播成功), 19 March 2017, http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201403/20140300523029.shtml

  45. 45.

    Ibid. Gu Shi Xin

  46. 46.

    Sarvy Geranpayeh, China embosses its mark on Abu Dhabi book fair, Gulf News, 26 April 2017, http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/china-embosses-its-mark-on-abu-dhabi-book-fair-1.2017886

  47. 47.

    Ibid. Jian Junbo

  48. 48.

    Linda Jakobsen and Dean Knox, New Foreign Policy Actors in China, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2010, http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP26.pdf

  49. 49.

    Chaoling Feng, Embracing Interdependence: The Dynamics of China and the Middle East, Brookings Doha Center, 2015, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/04/28-middle-east-china-feng/en-embracing-interdependence-pdf.pdf

  50. 50.

    Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd), China’s Maritime Strategy for South Asia, SP’s Naval Forces, Issue 4/2014, http://www.spsnavalforces.com/story/?id=332

  51. 51.

    Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service, ASIA: Geopolitics will heat up in the Indian Ocean, 4 January 2016

  52. 52.

    Li Shaoxian, Characteristics of the Current Political Situation in the Middle East, Contemporary International Relations, Vol 24:1, p. 37–58

  53. 53.

    Naser M. Al-Tamimi, China-Saudi Arabia Relations, 1990–2012: Marriage of Convenience or Strategic Alliance? London: Routledge, 2014, p. 126–143.

  54. 54.

    Dania Thafer, After the Financial Crisis: China-Dubai Economic Relations, Middle East-Asia Project (MAP), 15 September 2013, http://www.mei.edu/content/after-financial-crisis-dubai-china-economic-relations

  55. 55.

    Danielle Greene, More than 230 Chinese businesses have chosen Jafza as their home, Vision, October 2016, http://vision.ae/business/more-than-230-chinese-businesses-have-chosen-jafza-as-their-home

  56. 56.

    Mathieu Duchatel, Oliver Braunel, and Zhou Hang, Protecting China’s Overseas Interest: The Slow Shift Away from Non-interference, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, June 2014, http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP41.pdf

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Dorsey, J.M. (2019). The United States and China: Seeking Complementary Approaches. In: China and the Middle East. Global Political Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64355-7_3

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