Abstract
Migration flows between Latin American and European countries have a long history. During the first decade of the twenty first century an unprecedented increase and diversification of flows from Latin America occurred, in which countries of both regions have been involved as countries of emigration, immigration, or transit. This increase has been explained in various ways including political and economic conditions, colonial ties and the historic precedent of the mass migration of Europeans to Latin America between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter examines the main historical, economic and geopolitical factors that have determined Latin American international migration flows, especially towards the European Union, in the context of its becoming the second most important destination for international migrants, after the United States. After the economic crisis started in 2008, new migration dynamics have been begun that include the renewal of flows from Southern European countries to Latin America.
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Notes
- 1.
“The decrease in the migration flows from Europe to Latin America is clearly seen in the cases of Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland and Portugal as countries of origin and in the principal Latin American countries of destination (Argentina and Brazil). (…) in 1960 there were over 1.87 million people born in one of the five European countries mentioned in the Argentinean case. In 2000, the figure did not reach 400,000. The rate of decline of the European population from these five European countries during this period was 475 per cent” (IOM 2012, p. 13).
- 2.
In the case of Argentina, from the 1950s and 1960s many Chileans and Paraguayans in search of employment began to integrate into the workforce in northwestern Argentina and Patagonia. These foreign workers, mostly men, came from rural areas of their country to settle in large urban centers. Families were arriving rapidly, creating entire informal neighborhoods in the cities. Their undocumented presence in the country and their work activities were tolerated while they were contributing to development and prosperity. This situation continued until the end of the 1960s (Castles and Miller 2003).
- 3.
In the international context, also Australia, Canada, Germany and Saudi Arabia have presented a significant increase in immigration. Similarly, following the UN report on international migration, new countries emerge that were not included as recipients in 1980: Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and Uzbekistan. Thus, these countries appear in 2000 replacing countries like Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kuwait, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa and Venezuela.
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Pardo, F. (2018). Europe in the Context of Latin-American International Migrations. In: Challenging the Paradoxes of Integration Policies. Migration, Minorities and Modernity, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64082-2_9
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