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CRISPR: From Prokaryotic Immune Systems to Plant Genome Editing Tools

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Precision Medicine, CRISPR, and Genome Engineering

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1016))

Abstract

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that has the ability to identify specific locations on the bacteriophage (phage) genome to create breaks in it, and internalize the phage genome fragments in its own genome as CRISPR arrays for memory-dependent resistance. Although CRISPR has been used in the dairy industry for a long time, it recently gained importance in the field of genome editing because of its ability to precisely target locations in a genome. This system has further been modified to locate and target any region of a genome of choice due to modifications in the components of the system. By changing the nucleotide sequence of the 20-nucleotide target sequence in the guide RNA, targeting any location is possible. It has found an application in the modification of plant genomes with its ability to generate mutations and insertions, thus helping to create new varieties of plants. With the ability to introduce specific sequences into the plant genome after cleavage by the CRISPR system and subsequent DNA repair through homology-directed repair (HDR), CRISPR ensures that genome editing can be successfully applied in plants, thus generating stronger and more improved traits. Also, the use of the CRISPR editing system can generate plants that are transgene-free and have mutations that are stably inherited, thus helping to circumvent current GMO regulations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Manila, 1301, Philippines

    Anindya Bandyopadhyay Ph.D., Shamik Mazumdar M.S., Xiaojia Yin Ph.D. & William Paul Quick Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Anindya Bandyopadhyay Ph.D.
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  2. Shamik Mazumdar M.S.
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  3. Xiaojia Yin Ph.D.
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  4. William Paul Quick Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Anindya Bandyopadhyay Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Graduate Program in Neurobiology & Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    Stephen H. Tsang

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Bandyopadhyay, A., Mazumdar, S., Yin, X., Quick, W.P. (2017). CRISPR: From Prokaryotic Immune Systems to Plant Genome Editing Tools. In: Tsang, S. (eds) Precision Medicine, CRISPR, and Genome Engineering. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1016. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63904-8_6

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