Skip to main content

Peri-implant Mucositis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Peri-Implant Complications

Abstract

Peri-implant mucositis has been described as an inflammatory change of the peri-implant soft tissues with the absence of concurrent bone loss beyond physiologic remodeling. At this time point, it is assumed that peri-implant mucositis is a precursor of peri-implantitis; therefore the treatment of peri-implant mucositis is aimed at the elimination of inflammation and the prevention of a pathologic lesion extending into the bone. Treatment options include patient-based oral hygiene measures and professionally instituted decontamination treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Albrektsson T, Isidor F. Criteria for success and failure of an implant system. Consensus report. In: Proceedings of the 1st European workshop on Periodontology. Chicago, IL: Quintessence; 1994. pp 243–244.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lindhe J, Meyle J. Peri-implant diseases: consensus report of the sixth European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8):282–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. The American Academy of Periodontology. Glossary of periodontal terms. Illinois, CA: American Academy of Periodontology; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Berglundh T, Zitzmann NU, Donati M. Are peri-implantitis lesions different from periodontitis lesions? J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(s11):188–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tonetti MS, Chapple IL, Jepsen S, Sanz M. Primary and secondary prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(S16):S1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. van Winkelhoff AJ, Goené RJ, Benschop C, Folmer T. Early colonization of dental implants by putative periodontal pathogens in partially edentulous patients. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11(6):511–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fürst MM, Salvi GE, Lang NP, Persson GR. Bacterial colonization immediately after installation on oral titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18(4):501–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Leonhardt Å, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Dahlén G. Putative periodontal and teeth in pathogens on titanium implants and teeth in experimental gingivitis and periodontitis in beagle dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3(3):112–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ericsson I, Berglundh T, Marinello C, Liljenberg B, Lindhe J. Long-standing plaque and gingivitis at implants and teeth in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3(3):99–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Quirynen M, Vogels R, Peeters W, Steenberghe D, Naert I, Haffajee A. Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of ‘pristine’ peri-implant pockets. Clin Oral Implants res. 2006;17(1):25–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T, Marinello CP, Lindhe J. Experimental peri-implant mucositis in man. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(6):517–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Renvert S, Polyzois I. Risk indicators for peri-implant mucositis: a systematic literature review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(S16):S172–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP. Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1994;5(4):254–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Salvi GE, Aglietta M, Eick S, Sculean A, Lang NP, Ramseier CA. Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(2):182–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Konstantinidis IK, Kotsakis GA, Gerdes S, Walter MH. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2015;8(1):75–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Karbach J, Callaway A, Kwon YD, d’Hoedt B, Al-Nawas B. Comparison of five parameters as risk factors for peri-mucositis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24(3):491–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Roos-Jansåker AM, Renvert H, Lindahl C, Renvert S. Nine-to fourteen-year follow-up of implant treatment. Part III: factors associated with peri-implant lesions. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(4):296–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rinke S, Ohl S, Ziebolz D, Lange K, Eickholz P. Prevalence of periimplant disease in partially edentulous patients: a practice-based cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;22(8):826–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wilson TG Jr. The positive relationship between excess cement and peri-implant disease: a prospective clinical endoscopic study. J Periodontol. 2009;80(9):1388–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Linkevicius T, Vindasiute E, Puisys A, Linkeviciene L, Maslova N, Puriene A. The influence of the cementation margin position on the amount of undetected cement. A prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(1):71–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Staubli N, Walter C, Schmidt JC, Weiger R, Zitzmann NU. Excess cement and the risk of peri-implant disease—a systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(10):1278–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Linkevicius T, Puisys A, Vindasiute E, Linkeviciene L, Apse P. Does residual cement around implant-supported restorations cause peri-implant disease? A retrospective case analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(11):1179–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current understanding of their diagnoses and clinical implications. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4):436–43.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Figuero E, Graziani F, Sanz I, Herrera D, Sanz M. Management of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000. 2014;66(1):255–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Salvi GE, Botticelli D, Mombelli A, Faddy M, Lang NP. Anti-infective treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;22(3):237–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Porras R, Anderson GB, Caffesse R, Narendran S, Trejo PM. Clinical response to 2 different therapeutic regimens to treat peri-implant mucositis. J Periodontol. 2002;73(10):1118–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Felo A, Shibly O, Ciancio SG, Lauciello FR, Ho A. Effects of subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation on peri-implant maintenance. Am J Dent. 1997;10(2):107–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T. Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(s8):286–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lang NP, Wetzel AC, Stich H, Caffesse RG. Histologic probe penetration in healthy and inflamed peri-implant tissues. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1994;5(4):191–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Heitz-Mayfield LJ. Peri-implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(s8):292–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Todescan S, Lavigne S, Kelekis-Cholakis A. Guidance for the maintenance care of dental implants: clinical review. J Can Dent Assoc. 2012;78:c107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Derks J, Tomasi C. Peri-implant health and disease. A systematic review of current epidemiology. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(S16):S158–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Papathanasiou E, Finkelman M, Hanley J, Parashis AO. Prevalence, etiology and treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a survey of periodontists in the United States. J Periodontol. 2016;87(5):493–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Meyer S, Giannopoulou C, Courvoisier D, Schimmel M, Müller F, Mombelli A. Experimental mucositis and experimental gingivitis in persons aged 70 or over. Clinical and biological responses. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(8):1005–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Costa FO, Takenaka-Martinez S, Cota LO, Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Costa JE. Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(2):173–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Tsigarida AA, Dabdoub SM, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS. The influence of smoking on the peri-implant microbiome. J Dent Res. 2015;94(9):1202–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jepsen S, Berglundh T, Genco R, Aass AM, Demirel K, Derks J, Figuero E, Giovannoli JL, Goldstein M, Lambert F, Ortiz-Vigon A. Primary prevention of peri-implantitis: Managing peri-implant mucositis. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(S16):S152–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Serino G, Ström C. Peri-implantitis in partially edentulous patients: association with inadequate plaque control. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20(2):169–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Renvert S, Giovannoli J-L. Peri-implantitis. Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence International; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Salvi GE, Ramseier CA. Efficacy of patient-administered mechanical and/or chemical plaque control protocols in the management of peri-implant mucositis. A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(S16):S187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Grusovin MG, Coulthard P, Worthington HV, George P, Esposito M. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;8:CD003069.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Salvi GE, Chiesa AD, Kianpur P, Attström R, Schmidlin K, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. Clinical effects of interdental cleansing on supragingival biofilm formation and development of experimental gingivitis. Oral health & preventive dentistry. 2009;7(4):383–91.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Nwachukwu OG, Dick M, Atout R, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of two different interdental protocols around dental implants in maintenance patients: A randomized controlled trial. (Submitted for publication).

    Google Scholar 

  44. van Velzen FJ, Lang NP, Schulten EA, Ten Bruggenkate CM. Dental floss as a possible risk for the development of peri-implant disease: an observational study of 10 cases. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27(5):618–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Kelekis-Cholakis A, Perry JB, Pfeffer L, Millete A. Successful treatment of generalized refractory chronic periodontitis through discontinuation of waxed or coated dental floss use: A report of 4 cases. Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(12):974–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ramberg P, Lindhe J, Botticelli D, Botticelli A. The effect of a triclosan dentifrice on mucositis in subjects with dental implants: a six-month clinical study. J Clin Dent. 2009;20(3):103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Prasad KV, Sreenivasan PK, Rajesh G, Ramya K, Rao CB, DeVizio W. The efficacy of dentifrices on extrinsic tooth stains among com-munity dwelling adults in India—a randomised controlled trial. Community Dent Health. 2011;28:201–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Trombelli L, Farina R. Efficacy of triclosan-based toothpastes in the prevention and treatment of plaque-induced periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Minerva Stomatol. 2013;62(3):71–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ciancio SG, Lauciello F, Shibly O, Vitello M, Mather M. The effect of an antiseptic mouthrinse on implant maintenance: plaque and peri-implant gingival tissues. J Periodontol. 1995;66(11):962–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Siena F, Francetti L, Corbella S, Taschieri S, Fabbro M. Topical application of 1% chlorhexidine gel versus 0.2% mouthwash in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis. An observational study. Int J Dent Hyg. 2013;11(1):41–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Tonetti MS, Eickholz P, Loos BG, Papapanou P, Velden U, Armitage G, Bouchard P, Deinzer R, Dietrich T, Hughes F, Kocher T. Principles in prevention of periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(S16):S5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Castro M, Dick M, Atout R, et al. A 12-month comparison of piezo ultrasonic scaler and hand instrumentation in the maintenance of peri-implant tissues: A randomized clinical trial. (Submitted for publication).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Blasi A, Iorio-Siciliano V, Pacenza C, Pomingi F, Matarasso S, Rasperini G. Biofilm removal from implants supported restoration using different instruments: a 6-month comparative multicenter clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;27(2):e68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Schwarz F, Ferrari D, Popovski K, Hartig B, Becker J. Influence of different air-abrasive powders on cell viability at biologically contaminated titanium dental implants surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009;88(1):83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Riben-Grundstrom C, Norderyd O, André U, Renvert S. Treatment of peri-implant mucositis using a glycine powder air-polishing or ultrasonic device: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(5):462–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ji YJ, Tang ZH, Wang R, Cao J, Cao CF, Jin LJ. Effect of glycine powder air-polishing as an adjunct in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a pilot clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25(6):683–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Schwarz F, Becker K, Renvert S. Efficacy of air polishing for the non-surgical treatment of peri-implant diseases: a systematic review. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2015;42(10):951–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Menezes KM, Fernandes-Costa AN, Neto RD, Calderon PS, Gurgel BC. Efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for non-surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis. J Periodontol. 2016;87(11):1305–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Thöne-Mühling M, Swierkot K, Nonnenmacher C, Mutters R, Flores-de-Jacoby L, Mengel R. Comparison of two full-mouth approaches in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21(5):504–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Renvert S, Lessem J, Dahlén G, Lindahl C, Svensson M. Topical minocycline microspheres versus topical chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to mechanical debridement of incipient peri-implant infections: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(5):362–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Hallström H, Persson GR, Lindgren S, Olofsson M, Renvert S. Systemic antibiotics and debridement of peri-implant mucositis. A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(6):574–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Korsch M, Robra BP, Walther W. Cement-associated signs of inflammation: retrospective analysis of the effect of excess cement on peri-implant tissue. Int J Prosthodont. 2015;28(1):11–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kelekis-Cholakis, A., Atout, R., Hamdan, N., Tsourounakis, I. (2018). Peri-implant Mucositis. In: Peri-Implant Complications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63719-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63719-8_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63717-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63719-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics