Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Peri-Implant Complications pp 1–20Cite as

An Introduction to Understanding the Basics of Teeth vs. Dental Implants: Similarities and Differences

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 880 Accesses

Abstract

The health and success of an osseointegrated dental implant depends on the integrity of the surrounding supporting tissues. Those tissues not only anchor the implant to the bone but also have other important functions such as providing a barrier to potential microorganism penetration and furnishing a healthy foundation for the longevity of the dental implant.

The aim of this introductory chapter is to provide the necessary basic knowledge of anatomic and histologic similarities and differences of hard and soft tissues surrounding teeth and dental implants. This knowledge will help in understanding the behavior of those tissues in health and disease and assist the clinician when making decisions involving the diagnosis, treatment planning, and maintenance therapy of dental implants.

In addition this chapter will review some of the terms used throughout this book and suggest an evidence-based classification of peri-implant diseases with additional emphasis on the risk factors associated with the onset of those diseases. Finally, a clear but concise description of the tools and methods used in reaching a correct diagnosis will be provided while shedding light on the pathogenesis and progression of peri-implant diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Periodontology AAo. Glossary of periodontal terms: American Academy of Periodontology; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Smeets R, Henningsen A, Jung O, Heiland M, Hammächer C, Stein JM. Definition, etiology, prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis—a review. Head Face Med. 2014;10:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Froum SJ, Rosen PS. A proposed classification for peri-implantitis. Int J Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry. 2012;32:533.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, Bagan L. A classification proposal for peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a critical update. The Open Dentistry J 2015;9.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pontoriero R, Tonelli M, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman S, Lang N. Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994;5:254–9.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Salvi GE, Aglietta M, Eick S, Sculean A, Lang NP, Ramseier CA. Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23:182–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Marinell C, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B. Soft tissue reaction to de novo plaque formation on implants and teeth. An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Quirynen M, Vogels R, Peeters W, Steenberghe D, Naert I, Haffajee A. Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of ‘pristine’peri-implant pockets. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:25–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Augthun M, Conrads G. Microbial findings of deep peri-implant bone defects. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants 1997;12.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Leonhardt Å, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Dahlén G. Putative periodontal and teeth in pathogens on titanium implants and teeth in experimental gingivitis and periodontitis in beagle dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:112–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mombelli A, Lang NP. The diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis. Periodontology. 1998;17:63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gould T, Westbury L, Brunette D. Ultrastructural study of the attachment of human gingiva to titanium in vivo. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;52:418–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rosen P, Clem D, Cochran D, et al. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current understanding of their diagnoses and clinical implications. J Periodontol. 2013;84:436–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zitzmann N, Berglundh T, Marinello C, Lindhe J. Experimental peri-implant mucositis in man. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28:517–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Konttinen YT, Ma J, Lappalainen R, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory mediators in failing implants. Int J Periodontics Restorat Dentistry. 2006;26.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Lang NP. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis. Periodontology. 2010;53:167–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Leonhardt Å, Renvert S, Dahlén G. Microbial findings at failing implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:339–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Duarte PM, De Mendonça AC, Máximo MBB, Santos VR, Bastos MF, Nociti Júnior FH. Differential cytokine expressions affect the severity of peri-implant disease. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20:514–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Javed F, Al-Hezaimi K, Salameh Z, Almas K, Romanos GE. Proinflammatory cytokines in the crevicular fluid of patients with peri-implantitis. Cytokine. 2011;53:8–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ericsson I, Berglundh T, Marinello C, Liljenberg B, Lindhe J. Long-standing plaque and gingivitis at implants and teeth in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:99–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lindhe J, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B, Marinello C. Experimental breakdown of peri-implant and periodontal tissues. A study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Schou S, Holmstrup P, Reibel J, Juhl M, Hjørting-Hansen E, Kornman KS. Ligature-induced marginal inflammation around osseointegrated implants and ankylosed teeth: stereologic and histologic observations in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis). J Periodontol. 1993;64:529–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zitzmann N, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Lindhe J. Spontaneous progression of experimentally induced periimplantitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:845–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Albouy JP, Abrahamsson I, Persson LG, Berglundh T. Spontaneous progression of peri-implantitis at different types of implants. An experimental study in dogs. I: clinical and radiographic observations. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:997–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Albouy JP, Abrahamsson I, Persson LG, Berglundh T. Spontaneous progression of ligatured induced peri-implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics. An experimental study in dogs II: histological observations. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20:366–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sangeeta Dhir B, Lanka Mahesh B, Gregori MK, Vandana K. Peri-implant and periodontal tissues: a review of differences and similarities. Compendium. 2013;34.

    Google Scholar 

  27. James RA, Schultz R. Hemidesmosomes and the adhesion of junctional epithelial cells to metal implants—a preliminary report. Oral Implantol. 1974;4:294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol. 1961;32:261–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Oh T-J, Yoon J, Misch CE, Wang H-L. The causes of early implant bone loss: myth or science? J Periodontol. 2002;73:322–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Listgarten M, Lai C. Ultrastructure of the intact interface between an endosseous epoxy resin dental implant and the host tissues. J Biol Buccale. 1975;3:13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kawahara H, Kawahara D, Mimura Y, Takashima Y, Ong JL. Morphologic studies on the biologic seal of titanium dental implants. Report II. In vivo study on the defending mechanism of epithelial adhesion/attachment against invasive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1998;13:465–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Liljenberg B, Gualini F, Berglundh T, Tonetti M, Lindhe J. Some characteristics of the ridge mucosa before and after implant installation a prospective study in humans. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23:1008–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Listgarten MA. Soft and hard tissue response to endosseous dental implants. Anat Rec. 1996;245:410–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ericsson I, Marinello C, Liljenberg B, Thornsen P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1991;2:81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Meyle J. Cell adhesion and spreading on different implant surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 3rd European Workshop on Periodontology: ISBN 3–87652–306-0 Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH, Berlin, Germany, 1999:55–72.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Wennström J, Lindhe J. The peri-implant hard and soft tissues at different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996;7:212–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Buser D, Weber HP, Donath K, Fiorellini JP, Paquette DW, Williams RC. Soft tissue reactions to non-submerged unloaded titanium implants in beagle dogs. J Periodontol. 1992;63:225–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hansson H, Albrektsson T, Branemark P. Structural aspects of the interface between tissue and titanium implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:494.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ericsson I, Lindhe J. Probing depth at implants and teeth. J Clin Periodontol. 1993;20:623–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Akagawa Y, Takata T, Matsumoto T, Nikai H, Tsuru H. Correlation between clinical and histological evaluations of the peri-implant gingiva around the single-crystal sapphire endosseous implant. J Oral Rehabil. 1989;16:581–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Schroeder A, van der Zypen E, Stich H, Sutter F. The reactions of bone, connective tissue, and epithelium to endosteal implants with titanium-sprayed surfaces. J Maxillofac Surg. 1981;9:15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Stern IB. Current concepts of the dentogingival junction: the epithelial and connective tissue attachments to the tooth. J Periodontol. 1981;52:465–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hermann JS, Cochran DL, Buser D, Schenk RK, Schoolfield JD. Biologic width around one-and two-piece titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2001;12:559–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Degidi M, Artese L, Piattelli A, et al. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the peri-implant soft tissues around machined and acid-etched titanium healing abutments: a prospective randomised study. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:857–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Sorsa T, Hernández M, Leppilahti J, Munjal S, Netuschil L, Mäntylä P. Detection of gingival crevicular fluid MMP-8 levels with different laboratory and chair-side methods. Oral Dis. 2010;16:39–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Leppilahti J, et al. Collagenase-2 (MMP-8) as a point-of-care biomarker in periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic response to non-antimicrobial properties of tetracyclines. Pharmacol Res. 2011;63:108–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Xu L, Yu Z, Lee H-M, et al. Characteristics of collagenase-2 from gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant sulcular fluid in periodontitis and peri-implantitis patients: pilot study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008;66:219–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Jacobs R, Dv S. Role of periodontal ligament receptors in the tactile function of teeth: a review. J Periodontal Res. 1994;29:153–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hermann F, Lerner H, Palti A. Factors influencing the preservation of the periimplant marginal bone. Implant Dent. 2007;16:165–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Chow YC, Wang H-L. Factors and techniques influencing peri-implant papillae. Implant Dent. 2010;19:208–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Armitage GC, Svanberc GK, Löe H. Microscopic evaluation of clinical measurements of connective tissue attachment levels. J Clin Periodontol. 1977;4:173–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Mombelli A, Lang NP. Clinical parameters for the evaluation of dental implants. Periodontology. 1994;4:81–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ikeda H, Yamaza T, Yoshinari M, et al. Ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic studies of the peri-implant epithelium-implant (Ti-6Al-4V) interface of rat maxilla. J Periodontol. 2000;71:961–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Fickl S, Zuhr O, Wachtel H, Bolz WG, Huerzeler M. Tissue alterations after tooth extraction with and without surgical trauma: a volumetric study in the beagle dog. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:356–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Kohavi D, Klinger A, Steinberg D, Sela MN. Adsorption of salivary proteins onto prosthetic titanium components. J Prosthet Dent. 1995;74:531–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Tözüm, Tolga F, et al. Analysis of the inflammatory process around endosseous dental implants and natural teeth: myeloperoxidase level and nitric oxide metabolism. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22(6):969–79. Web.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Shibli JA, Melo L, Ferrari DS, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Feres M. Composition of supra-and subgingival biofilm of subjects with healthy and diseased implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:975–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Steinberg D, Klinger A, Kohavi D, Sela MN. Adsorption of human salivary proteins to titanium powder. I. Adsorption of human salivary albumin. Biomaterials. 1995;16:1339–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Teughels W, Van Assche N, Sliepen I, Quirynen M. Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:68–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Agerbaek MR, Lang NP, Persson GR. Comparisons of bacterial patterns present at implant and tooth sites in subjects on supportive periodontal therapy. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:18–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Quiryen M, Listgarten M. The distribution of bacterial morphotypes around natural teeth and titanium implants ad modum Brånemark. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1990;1:8–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Renvert S, Lindahl C, Renvert H, Persson GR. Clinical and microbiological analysis of subjects treated with Brånemark or AstraTech implants: a 7-year follow-up study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:342–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Salvi GE, Fürst MM, Lang NP, Persson GR. One-year bacterial colonization patterns of Staphylococcus Aureus and other bacteria at implants and adjacent teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:242–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Abrahamsson L, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1998;9:73–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Berglundh T, Gislason Ö, Lekholm U, Sennerby L, Lindhe J. Histopathological observations of human periimplantitis lesions. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:341–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Gualini F, Berglundh T. Immunohistochemical characteristics of inflammatory lesions at implants. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30:14–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Seymour GJ, Powell R, Davies W. The immunopathogenesis of progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. J Oral Pathol Med. 1979;8:249–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Heitz-Mayfield LJ. Peri-implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:292–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontology. 2005;38:135–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Danser MM, van Winkelhoff AJ, Uvd V. Periodontal bacteria colonizing oral mucous membranes in edentulous patients wearing dental implants. J Periodontol. 1997;68:209–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Mombelli A, Buser D, Lang N. Colonization of osseointegrated titanium implants in edentulous patients. Early results. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1988;3:113–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Hultin M, Boström L, Gustafsson A. Neutrophil response and microbiological findings around teeth and dental implants. J Periodontol. 1998;69:1413–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Kalykakis G, Mojon P, Nisengard R, Spiekermann H, Zafiropoulos G. Clinical and microbial findings on osseo-integrated implants; comparisons between partially dentate and edentulous subjects. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 1998;6:155–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Apse P, Ellen R, Overall C, Zarb G. Microbiota and crevicular fluid collagenase activity in the osseointegrated dental implant sulcus: a comparison of sites in edentulous and partially edentulous patients. J Periodontal Res. 1989;24:96–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Mombelli A, Marxer M, Gaberthüel T, Grander U, Lang NP. The microbiota of osseointegrated implants in patients with a history of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22:124–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Karoussis IK, Kotsovilis S, Fourmousis I. A comprehensive and critical review of dental implant prognosis in periodontally compromised partially edentulous patients. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:669–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Roos-Jansåker AM, Renvert H, Lindahl C, Renvert S. Nine-to fourteen-year follow-up of implant treatment. Part III: factors associated with peri-implant lesions. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33:296–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Etter TH, Håkanson I, Lang NP, Trejo PM, Caffesse RG. Healing after standardized clinical probing of the perlimplant soft tissue seal. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:571–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Arnold F, West DC. Angiogenesis in wound healing. Pharmacol Ther. 1991;52:407–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Wilderman MN, Pennel BM, King K, Barron JM. Histogenesis of repair following osseous surgery. J Periodontol. 1970;41:551–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Sabiston DC. The biological basis of modern surgical practice. The Textbook of Surgery, 15th edn, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 1997;1484.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Campelo LD, Camara JRD. Flapless implant surgery: a 10-year clinical retrospective analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;17:271–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lindhe J, Nyman S. Long-term maintenance of patients treated for advanced periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1984;11:504–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Schou S, Holmstrup P, Jørgensen T, et al. Implant surface preparation in the surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis with autogenous bone graft and ePTFE membrane in cynomolgus monkeys. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;14:412–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Tokmakidis K, Wessing B, Papoulia K, Spiekermann H. Load distribution and loading concepts on teeth and implants. Original study-ZZI 2009;1.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ramoglu S, Tasar S, Gunsoy S, Ozan O, Meric G. Tooth-implant connection: a review. ISRN Biomaterials. 2012;2013:921645.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Schmidt JC, Sahrmann P, Weiger R, Schmidlin PR, Walter C. Biologic width dimensions—a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:493–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12078.

  88. Glauser R, Schüpbach P, Gottlow J, Hämmerle CHF. Periimplant soft tissue barrier at experimental one-piece mini-implants with different surface topography in humans: a light-microscopic overview and histometric analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7:s44–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8208.2005.tb00074.x.

  89. Linkevicius T. Biologic width around implants. An evidence-based. Stomatologija. 2008;10(1):27.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Becker W, Goldstein M, Becker BE, Sennerby L, Kois D, Hujoel P. Minimally invasive flapless implant placement: follow-up results from a multicenter study. J Periodontol. 2009;80:347–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Vlahović Z, Marković A, Lazić Z, Šćepanović M, Đinić A, Kalanović M. Histopathological comparative analysis of periimplant bone inflammatory response after dental implant insertion using flap and flapless surgical technique. An experimental study in pigs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:1067–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12919.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Nkenke E, Eitner S, Radespiel-Troger M, Vairaktaris E, Neukam FW, Fenner M. Patient-centred outcomes comparing transmucosal implant placement with an open approach in the maxilla: a prospective, non-randomized pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Arisan V, Karabuda CZ, Ozdemir T. Implant surgery using bone- and mucosa-supported stereolithographic guides in totally edentulous jaws: surgical and post-operative outcomes of computer-aided vs. Standard techniques. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:980–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Azari A, Nikzad S. Flapless implant surgery: review of the literature and report of 2 cases with computer-guided surgical approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66:1015–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Verhamme LM, Meijer GJ, Boumans T, Schutyser F, Berge SJ, Maal TJJ. A clinically relevant validation method for implant placement after virtual planning. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:1265–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Vercruyssen M, Hultin M, Van Assche N, Svensson K, Naert I, Quirynen M. Guided surgery: accuracy and efficacy. Periodontology. 2014;66:228–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Manitoba College of Dentistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Anastasia Kelekis-Cholakis & Reem Atout

  2. Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Nader Hamdan

  3. Southwest Specialty Group, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Ioannis Tsourounakis

Authors
  1. Anastasia Kelekis-Cholakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reem Atout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nader Hamdan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ioannis Tsourounakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kelekis-Cholakis, A., Atout, R., Hamdan, N., Tsourounakis, I. (2018). An Introduction to Understanding the Basics of Teeth vs. Dental Implants: Similarities and Differences. In: Peri-Implant Complications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63719-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63719-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63717-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63719-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation