Abstract
Alcoholic beverages are produced by fermentation of sugars to ethanol. Starting materials range from simple sugars to complex carbohydrates that are reduced to simple sugars by hydrolytic cleavage of starches and dextrins. Beer and wind represent direct products from fermentation whereas vodka, rum, whiskey and other distilled spirits and a distillation step.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acree, T. E., Lavin, E. H., Nishida, R., & Watanabe, S. (1990). ο-Amino-acetophenone, a foxy smelling component of Labruscia. In Y. Bessiere & A. F. Thomas (Eds.), Flavour science and technology (pp. 49–52). Chichester: Wiley.
Alba-Lois, L., & Segal-Kischinevzky, C. (2010). Yeast fermentation and the making of beer and wine beer & wine makers. Nature Education, 3(9), 17.
Allen, M. S., Lacey, M. J., Brown, W. V., & Harris, R. L. N. (1990). Occurrence of methoxypyrazines in grapes of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc. In P. Ribéreau-Gayon, & A. Lonvaud (Eds.), Actualités Oenologiques 89: Comptes rendus du 4e Symposium International d’Oenologie, Bordeaux, 1989 (pp. 25–30).
Allen, M. S., Lacey, M. J., Harris, R. L. N., & Brown, W. V. (1991). Contribution of methoxypyrazines to sauvignon blanc wine aroma. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 42, 109–112.
Allen, M. S., Lacey, M. J., & Boyd, S. (1994). Determination of methoxypyrazines in red wines by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42, 1734–1738.
Ardö, Y. (2006). Flavour formation by amino acid catabolism. Biotechnology Advances, 24, 238–224.
Baek, H. H., Cadwallader, K. R., Marroquin, E., & Silva, J. L. (1997). Identification of predominant aroma compounds in muscadine grape juice. Journal of Food Science, 62, 249.
Bailly, S., Jerkovic, V., Marchand-Brynaert, J., & Collin, S. (2006). Aroma extraction dilution analysis of Sauternes wines. Key role of polyfunctional thiols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 7227–7234.C.
Bardi, L., Cocito, C., & Marzona, M. (1999). Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell fatty acid composition and release during fermentation without aeration and in absence of exogenous lipids. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 47, 133–140.
Barnett, J. A. (2000). A history of research on yeast 2: Louis Pasteur and his contemporaries, 1850–1880. Yeast, 16, 755–771.
Bartowsky, E. J., & Pretorius, I. S. (2009). Microbial formation and modification of flavor and off-flavor compounds in wine. In H. König et al. (Eds.), Biology of microorganisms on grapes, in must and in wine (pp. 209–231). Berlin: Springer.
Bauer, K., Garbe, D., & Surburg, H. (1997). Aromatic compounds. In H. Surburg & J. Panten (Eds.), Common fragrance and flavor materials. Weinheim: Wiley–VCH.
Bauer, F. F., & Pretorius, I. S. (2000). Yeast stress response and fermentation efficiency: how to survive the making of wine. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 21, 27–51.
Baumes, R. (2009). Wine aroma precursors. In M. V. Moreno-Arribas & M. Carmen Polo (Eds.), Wine chemistry and biochemistry (pp. 251–274). New York: Springer.
Benitez, J. L., Forster, A., De Keukeleire, D., Moir, M., Sharpe, F. R., Verhagen, L. C., & Westwood, K. T. (1997). Hops and hop products. Nuremberg: Verlag Hans Carl.
Boulton, R. (1980). The general relationship between potassium, sodium and pH in grape juice and wine. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 31, 182–186.
Buttery, R. G., & Ling, L. C. (1966). The chemical composition of the volatile oil of hops. Brewing Dig, 41, 71–77.
Campo, E., Ferreira, V., Escudero, A., & Cacho, J. (2005). Prediction of the wine sensory properties related to grape variety from dynamicheadspace gas chromatography-olfactometry data. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 5682–5690.
Capone, D. L., & Jeffery, D. W. (2011). Effects of transporting and processing Sauvignon blanc grapes on 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol precursor concentrations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 4659–4667.
Capone, S. L., Paardon, A. G., Cordente, A. G., & Jeffery, D. W. (2011). Identification and quantitation of 3-S-cysteinylglycinehexan-1-ol (cysgly-3-MH) om Sauvignon blanc grape juice by HPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 11204–11210.
Carrau, F., Medina, K., Farina, L., Boido, E., Henschke, P., & Dellacassa, E. (2008). Production of fermentation aroma compounds by Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts: effects of yeast assimilable nitrogen on two model strains. FEMS Yeast Research, 8, 1196–1207.
Chatonnet, P., Dubourdieu, D., Boidron, J. N., & Pons, M. (1992). The origin of ethylphenols in wines. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 60, 165–178.
Conway, M. E., & Hutson, S. M. (2000). Mammalian branched-chain aminotransferases. Methods in Enzymology, 324, 355–365.
Conway, M. E., & Hutson, S. M. (2000). Mammalian branched-chain aminotransferases. Methods in Enzymology, 324, 355–365.
Davoodi, J., Drown, P. M., Bledsoe, R. K., Wallin, R., Reinhart, G. D., & Hutson, S. M. (1998). Overexpression and characterization of the human mitochondrial and cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 4982–49890.
De La Presa-Owens, C., & Noble, A. C. (1997). Effect of storage at elevated temperatures on aroma of Chardonnay wines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 48, 310–316.
De Keukeleire, D. (2000). Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry. Quimica Nova, 23(1), 108–112.
Dubourdieu, D., & Tominaga, T. (2009). Polyfunctional thiol compounds. In M. V. Moreno-Arribas & M. C. Polo (Eds.), Wine chemistry and biochemistry (pp. 275–293). New York: Springer.
Ebler, S. E., & Thorngate, J. H. (2009). Wine chemistry and flavor: Looking into the crystal glass. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 8098–8108.
Ferreira, V., OrtÃn, N., Escudero, A., López, R., & Cacho, J. (2002). Chemical characterization of the aroma of Grenache rose wines: Aroma extract dilution analysis, quantitative determination, and sensory reconstitution studies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(4048), 54.
Ferreira, V. (2010). Volatile aroma compounds and wine sensory attributes. In A. G. Reynolds (Ed.), Managing wine quality (Vol. 1, pp. 3–23). Boston: CRC Press.
Ferreora, V. (2010). Volatile aroma compounds and wine sensory attributes. In Managing wine quality viticulture and wine quality (pp. 3–28). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition.
Forster, A., Beck, B., & Schmidt, R. (1995). Untersuchungen zu Hopfenpolyphenolen. In European brewery convention, Proceedings of the 25th Congress, Brussels (pp. 143–150). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Francis, I.L., Kassara, S., Noble, A.C., & Williams, P. J. (1998). The contribution of glycoside precursors to Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot aroma: Sensory and compositional studies. In A. L. Waterhouse, & S. E. Ebeler (Eds.), Chemistry of wine flavor (pp. 13–30).
Francis, I. L., & Newton, J. L. (2005). Determining wine aroma from compositional data. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 11, 114–126.
Ghidossi, R., Poupot, C., Thibon, C., Pons, A., Darriet, P., Riquier, L., De Revel, G., & Mietton Peuchot, M. (2012). The influence of packaging on wine conservation. Food Control, 23, 302–311.
Godoy, A., Herrera, T., & Ulloa, M. (2003). Más allá del pulque y el tepache: Las bebidas alcohólicas no destiladas indÃgenas de México. Mexico: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas.
González-Barreiro, C., Rial-Otero, R., Cancho-Grande, B., & Simal-Gándara, J. (2013). Wine aroma compounds in grapes: A critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55, 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.650336.
Günata, Y. Z., Bayonove, C. L., Baumes, R. L., & Cordonnier, R. E. (1985). The aroma of grapes. I. Extraction and determination of free and glycosidically bound fractions of some grape aroma components. Journal of Chromatography A, 331, 83–90.
Guth, H. (1995). Potente Aromastoffe von Weißweinen unterschiedlicher Rebsorten—Identifizierung und Vergleich. Lebensmittelchemie, 49, 107.
Guth, H. (1996). Identification of character impact odorants of different white wine. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 79, 1559–1571.
Guth, H. (1997a). Identification of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3022.
Guth, H. (1997b). Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3027.
Guth, H. (1998). Comparison of different white wine varieties in odor profiles by instrumental analysis and sensory studies. In A. L. Waterhouse & S. E. Ebeler (Eds.), Chemistry of wine flavor (p. 39). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
Hanke, S., Ditz, V., Herrmann, M., Back, W., Becker, T., & Krottenthaler, M. (2010). Influence of ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and linalool on off-flavour perception in beer. Brewing Science, 63, 94–99.
Hernandez-Orte, P., Ibarz, M., Cacho, J., & Ferreira, V. (2005). Effect of the addition of ammonium and amino acids to musts of Airen variety on aromatic composition and sensory properties of the obtained wine. Food Chemistry, 89, 163–174.
Herraiz, T., & Ough, C. S. (1993). Chemical and technological factors determining tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid content in fermented alcoholic beverages. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41(6), 959–964.
Hornsey, I. S. (2003). A history of beer and brewing (p. 10). Cambridge: RSC.
Jackson, R. S. (2008). Wine science: Principals and applications (p. 281). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
Karbowiak, T., Gougeon, R. D., Alinc, J. B., Brachais, L., Debeaufort, F., Voilley, A., & Chassagne, D. (2009). Wine oxidation and the role of cork. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 50, 20–52.
Kowaka, K., Fukuoka, Y., Kawasaki, H., & Asano, K. (1983). The true value of aroma hops in brewing, Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress, London (pp. 71–78). Oxford: IRL Press.
Lacey, M. J., Allen, M. S., Harris, R. L. N., & Brown, W. V. (1991). Methoxypyrazines in Sauvignon blanc grapes and wines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 42, 103–108.
Lee, S. J., & Noble, A. C. (2003). Characterization of odor-active compounds in Californian Chardonnay wines using GC-olfactometry and GC-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 8036–8044.
Lee, S. J., & Noble, A. C. (2006). Use of partial least squares regression and multidimensional scaling on aroma models of California Chardonnay wines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 57, 363–370.
Lermusieau, G., & Collin, S. (2003). Volatile sulfur compounds in hops and residual concentrations in beer—a review. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 61, 119–113.
Liang, Z., Sang, M., Fan, P., Wu, B., Wang, L., Duan, W., & Li, S. (2011). Changes of polyphenols, sugars, and organic acid in 5 vitis genotypes during berry ripening. Journal of Food Science, 76(9), C1231–C1238.
Liu, S.-Q. (2002). Malolactic fermentation in wine—beyond deacidification. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92, 589–601.
Mateo, J. J., & Jimeńez, M. (2000). Monoterpenes in grape juice and wines. Journal of Chromatography A, 881, 557–567.
Marriott, R., (2001). Hop aroma products and their application in brewing. In Proceedings of the European brewery symposium on flavour and flavour stability, Nancy, France, Monograph 31. Fachverlag Hans Carl: Nürnberg, Germany, pp. 137–142.
McGovern, P. E., Hartung, U., Badler, V. R., Glusker, D. L., & Exner, L. J. (1997). The beginnings of winemaking and viniculture in the ancient near east and Egypt. Expedition, 39, 3–21.
McGovern, P. E., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Hall, G. R., Moreau, R. A., Nunez, A., Butrym, E. D., Richards, M. P., Wang, C.-S., Cheng, G., Zhao, Z., & Wang, C. (2004). Fermented beverages of preand proto-historic China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 17593–17598.
Mendes-Pinto, M. M., Silva Ferreira, A. C., Caris-Veyrat, C., & Guedes de Pinho, P. (2005). Carotenoid, chlorophyll, and chlorophyll derived compounds in grapes and port wines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 10034–10041.
Mendes-Pinto, M. M. (2009). Carotenoid breakdown products the–norisoprenoids–in wine aroma. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 483, 236–245..
Mestres, M., Busto, O., & Guasch, J. (2000). Analysis of organic sulfur compounds in wine aroma. Journal of Chromatography A, 881, 569–581.
Michel, R. H., McGovern, P. E., & Badler, V. R. (1993). The first wine and beer: chemical detection of ancient fermented beverages. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 408A–413A.
Moio, L., & Etievant, P. X. (1995). Ethyl anthranilate, ethyl cinnamate, 2,3-dihydrocinnamate, and methyl anthranilate: Four important odorants identified in Pinot noir wines of Burgundy. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 46, 392–398.
Nielsen, T. (2009). Character impact hop aroma compounds in ale. In Hop flavor and aroma proceedings of the 1st international brewers symposium 2006, Corvallis, USA (pp. 59–78).
Nisbet, M. A., Tobias, H. J., Brenna, J. T., Sacks, G. L., & Mansfield, A. K. (2014). Quantifying the contribution of grape hexoses to wine volatiles by high-precision [U13C]-glucose tracer studies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 6820–6827.
Ohloff, G. (1978). The importance of minor components in flavors and fragrances. Perfumer and Flavorist, 3, 11–22.
Pasteur, L. (1876). Studies on fermentation. London: Macmillan.
Polášková, P., Herszage, J., & Ebeler, S. E. (2008). Wine flavor: Chemistry in a glass. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 2478–2489.
Pollach, G., Hein, W., & Hollaus, F. (1996). Einsatz von Hopfenprodukten als Bakteriostaticum in der Zuckerindustrie. Zuckerindustrie, 121, 919–926.
Rapp, A. (1998). Volatile flavour of wine: Correlation between instrumental analysis and sensory perception. Nahrung, 42, 351–363.
Razungles, A., Günata, Z., Pinatel, S., Baumes, R., & Bayonove, C. (1993). Quantitative studies on terpenes, norisoprenoids and their precursors in several varieties of grapes. Sciences des Aliments, 13, 59–72.
Razungles, A., Bayonove, C. L., Cordonnier, R. E., & Sapis, J. C. (1988). Grape carotenoids: Changes during the maturation period and localization in mature berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 39, 44–48.
Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Boidron, J. N., & Terrier, A. (1975). Aroma of Muscat grape varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 23, 1042–1047.
Robinson, A. L., Boss, P. K., Solomon, P. S., Trengrove, R. D., Heymann, H., & Ebler, S. E. (2014). Origins of grape and wine aroma. Part 1. Chemical components and viticultural impacts. The American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 65, 1.
Roland, A., Schneider, R., Guernevé, C. L., Razungles, A., & Cavelier, F. (2010). Identification and quantification by LC-MS/MS of a new precursor of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) using stable isotope dilution assay: Elements for understanding the 3MH production in wine. Food Chemistry, 121, 847–855.
Roland, A. R., Schneider, F., Charrier, F., Rossignol, M., & Razungles, A. (2011). Distribution of varietal thiol precursors in the skin and pulp of Melon B, and Sauvignon blanc grapes. Food Chemistry, 125, 139–144.
Roujou de Boubée, D., Van Leeuwen, C., & Dubourdieu, D. (2000). Organoleptic impact of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine on red bordeaux and loire wines. Effect of environmental conditions on concentrations in grapes during ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 4830–4834.
Sakuma, S., Hayashi, S., & Kobayashi, K. (1991). Analytical methods for beer flavor control. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 49, 1–3.
Sala, C., Busto, O., Guasch, J., & Zamora, F. (2004). Influence of vine training and sunlight exposure on the 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines content in musts and wines from the Vitis vinifera variety Cabernet Sauvignon. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 3492–3497.
Sarrazin, E., Shinkaruk, S., Tominaga, T., Bennetau, B., Frérot, E., & Dubourdieu, D. (2007). Odorous impact of volatile thiols on the aroma of young botrytized sweet wines: Identification and quantification of new sulfanyl alcohols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 1437–1444.
Schneider, R., Razungles, A., Augier, C., & Baumes, R. (2001). Monoterpenic and norisoprenoidic glycoconjugates of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Melon B. as precursors of odorants in Muscadet wines. Journal of Chromatography A, 936, 145–157.
Schönberger, C., & Kostelecky, T. (2011). 125th anniversary review: The role of hops in brewing. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 117(2011), 259–267.
Sefton, M. A., Francis, I. L., & Williams, P. J. (1993). The volatile composition of Chardonnay juices: A study by flavor precursor analysis. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 44, 359–370.
Sefton, M. A., Francis, I. L., & Williams, P. J. (1994). Free and bound volatile secondary metabolites of Vitis vinifera grape cv. Sauvignon blanc. Journal of Food Science, 59, 142–147.
Sefton, M. A., Francis, I. L., & Williams, P. J. (1996). The free and bound volatile secondary metabolites of Vitis vinifera grape cv. Semillon. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2, 179–183.
Sefton, M. A. (1998). Hydrolytically-released volatile secondary metabolites from a juice sample of Vitis vinifera grape cvs. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 4, 30–38.
Sharpe, F. R., & Laws, D. R. J. (1981). The essential oil of hops––A Review. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 87, 96–107.
Simpson, R. F. (1978). 1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene: An important contributor to the bottle bouquet of wine. Chemistry & Industry, 1, 37.
Siebert, T. E., Wood, C., Elsey, G. M., & Pollnitz, A. P. (2008). Determination of rotundone, the pepper aroma impact, in grapes and wine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 3745–3748.
Steinhaus, M., & Schieberle, P. (2000). Comparison of the most odoractive compounds in fresh and dried hop cones (Humulus lupulus L. variety Spalter Select) based on GC-olfactometry and odor dilution techniques. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 1776–1783.
Stevens, K. L., Bomben, J., Lee, A., & McFadden, W. H. (1966). Volatiles from grapes. Muscat of Alexandria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 14, 249–252.
Swiegers, J., & Pretorius, I. (2007). Modulation of volatile sulfur compounds by wine yeast. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74, 954–960.
Takoi, K., Itoga, Y., Koie, K., Kosugi, T., Shimase, M., Katayama, Y., Nakayama, Y., & Watari, J. (2010). The contribution of geraniol metabolism to the citrus flavour of beer: synergy of geraniol and β-citronellol under coexistence with excess linalool. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 116, 251–260.
Taylor, R., & Jenkins, W. (1966). Leucine aminotransferase: II. Purification and characterization. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 241, 4396–4405.
Tominaga, T., Niclass, Y., Frérot, E., & Dubourdieu, D. (2006). Stereoisomeric distribution of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate in dry and sweet white wines made from Vitis vinifera (Var. Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 7251.
Tressl, R., Friese, L., Fendsack, F., & Köppler, H. (1978). Studies of the volatile composition of hops during storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 26, 1426–1430.
Ugliano, M. (2009). Enzymes in winemaking. In M. V. Moreno-Arribas & M. C. Polo (Eds.), Wine chemistry and biochemistry (pp. 103–126). New York: Springer..
Versini, G., Carlin, S., Dalla Serra, A., Nicolini, G., & Rapp, A. (2002). Formation of 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene and other norisoprenoids in wine: Considerations on the kinetics. In P. Winterhalter & R. Rouseff (Eds.), Carotenoid-derived aroma compounds, ACS Symposium Series 802 (pp. 285–299). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
Verzele, M., & De Keukeleire, D. (1991). Chemistry and analysis of hop and beer bitter acids. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Wang, J., & De Luca, V. (2005). The biosynthesis and regulation of biosynthesis of Concord grape fruit esters, including ‘foxy’ methylanthranilate. The Plant Journal, 44, 606–619.
Wenzel, K. W. O., & de Vries, M. J. (1968). An investigation of Muscat aroma. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 11, 273–280.
Williams, P. J., Strauss, C. R., & Wilson, B. (1981). Classification of the monoterpenoid composition of Muscat grapes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 32, 230–235.
Winterhalter, P., Sefton, M. A., & Williams, P. J. (1990). Two-dimensional GC-DCCC analysis of the glycoconjugates of monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, and shikimate-derived metabolites from Riesling wine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38, 1041–1048.
Wood, C., Siebert, T. E., Parker, M., Capone, D. L., Elsey, G. M., Pollnitz, A. P., Eggers, M., Meier, M., Vössing, T., Widder, S., Krammer, G., Sefton, M. A., & Herderich, M. J. (2008). From wine to pepper: Rotundone, an obscure sesquiterpene, is a potent spicy aroma compound. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 3738.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Finley, J.W. (2018). Beer and Wine. In: Principles of Food Chemistry. Food Science Text Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63607-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63607-8_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63605-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63607-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)