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How to Prevent Cardiovascular Disorders: Influence of Gonadal Steroids on the Heart

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Pre-Menopause, Menopause and Beyond

Part of the book series: ISGE Series ((ISGE))

Abstract

In the ancient Rome, average life duration was 23 years; in Sweden at the end of the eighteenth century, 36.6 years for women and 33.7 for men; and in many European countries at the beginning of the twenty-first century, life expectancy was 72 and 76 years, respectively. The menopause (period in women’s life 1 year after the last menstruation until the end of life) and involutive hypoandrogenism in males (testosterone below 12 nmol/L and typical symptoms) are characterized by decrease of gonadal steroids and initiating of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Rahman [1] found that women who entered early menopause (40–45 years) had 40% increase of heart disease. Meta-analysis confirmed these data (Table 16.1).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of medicine, University of Belgrade, Clinic of endocrinology, diabetes and diseases of metabolism, Clinical center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

    Svetlana Vujovic, Milina Tancic-Gajic, Ljiljana Marina, Zorana Arizanovic, Zorana Stojanovic, Branko Barac, Aleksandar Djogo & Miomira Ivovic

Authors
  1. Svetlana Vujovic
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  2. Milina Tancic-Gajic
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  3. Ljiljana Marina
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  4. Zorana Arizanovic
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  5. Zorana Stojanovic
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  6. Branko Barac
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  7. Aleksandar Djogo
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  8. Miomira Ivovic
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Svetlana Vujovic .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor emeritus for Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Martin Birkhaeuser

  2. International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, Pisa, Italy

    Andrea R. Genazzani

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© 2018 International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology

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Vujovic, S. et al. (2018). How to Prevent Cardiovascular Disorders: Influence of Gonadal Steroids on the Heart. In: Birkhaeuser, M., Genazzani, A. (eds) Pre-Menopause, Menopause and Beyond. ISGE Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63540-8_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63540-8_16

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63539-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63540-8

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