Skip to main content

Rhythmic Cognition in Late Medieval Lyrics: BL MS Harley 2253

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism
  • 1653 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines the meter of the English vernacular lyrics collected in British Library MS Harley 2253, a fourteenth-century verse anthology. A long-standing problem in the history of English prosody, the Harley manuscript’s meter seems ambivalently to belong to competing verse cultures, one alliterative and the other accentual-syllabic . By recontextualizing this seeming hybridity in light of medieval contemplative practices, this chapter argues that the Harley lyrics recruit conflicting prosodic cues from alliterative and accentual-syllabic meters in order to arrest the biological surprise response that occurs when rhythmic predictions fail. This is done, this chapter contends, to induce an apophatic or negative stance toward analytic categories and textual events. In the tradition of via negative theology, the verse performs a metrical “unknowing” in which wonder displaces certainty.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Aarden, Bret. “Expectancy vs. Retrospective Perception: Reconsidering the Effects of Schema and Continuation Judgments on Measures of Melodic Expectancy.” In Proceedings of the 7 th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition, edited by Kate Stevens, Denis Burnham, and Gary McPherson, 469–472. Adelaide, AU: Causal Productions, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aniruddh Patel, John Iversen, Yanqing Chen, and Bruno Repp. “The Influence of Metricality and Modality on Synchronization with a Beat.” Experimental Brain Research 163, no. 2 (2005): 226–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attridge, Derek. The Rhythms of English Poetry. New York: Longman, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkholz, Daniel. “Harley Lyrics and Hereford Clerics: The Implications of Mobility, c. 1300–1351.” Studies in the Age of Chaucer 31 (2009): 175–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boffey, Julie. “Middle English Lyrics and Manuscripts.” In A Companion to the Middle English Lyric, edited by Thomas G. Duncan, 1–18. Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer, Inc., 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brochard, Renaud et al. “The ‘Ticktock’ of our Internal Clock: Direct Brain Evidence of Subjective Accents in Isochronous Sequences.” Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (2003): 362–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, G.L. “Introduction.” In The Harley Lyrics: The Middle English Lyrics of MS. Harley 2253, 2nd edition, edited by G.L. Brooks, 1–26. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrow, John. Essays on Medieval Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Poems without Contexts.” Essays in Criticism 29 (1979): 6–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cable, Thomas. The English Alliterative Tradition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Foreign Influence, Native Continuation, and Metrical Typology in Alliterative Lyrics.” In Approaches to the Metres of Alliterative Verse, edited by Judith Jefferson and Ad Putter, 219–234. Leeds, UK: University of Leeds Press, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Progress in Middle English Alliterative Metrics.” Yearbook of Langland Studies 23 (2009): 243–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Ralph. “History and Genre.” In The Lyric Theory Reader, edited by Virginia Jackson and Yopie Prins, 53–62. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Introduction: Theorizing Genres.” New Literary History 34, no. 3 (2003): v-xvi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius, Ian. “The Accentual Paradigm in Early English Metrics.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 114 (2015): 459–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Alliterative Revival: Retrospect and Prospect.” Yearbook of Langland Studies 26 (2012): 261–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrie, Marilyn. “Harley 2253, Digby 86, and the Circulation of Literature in Pre-Chaucerian England.” In Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, edited by Susanna Fein, 429–443. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culler, Jonathan. Theory of the Lyric. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dane, Joseph. “Page Layout and Textual Autonomy in Harley MS 2253: ‘Lenten Ys Come wiþ Loue to Toune.’” Medium Ævum 68 (1999): 32–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Arcy, Anne Marie. “The Middle English Lyrics.” In Readings in Medieval Texts: Interpreting Old and Middle English Literature, edited by David F. Johnson and Elaine Treharne, 306–22. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMan, Paul. “Anthropomorphism and Trope in the Lyric.” In Rhetoric of Romanticism, 239–262. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desain, Peter and Henkjan Honing. “Computational Models of Beat Induction: The Rule-Based Approach.” Journal of New Music Research 28 (1999): 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “The Formation of Rhythmic Categories and Metric Priming.” Perception 32, no. 3 (2003): 341–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, Thomas. “Middle English Lyrics: Metre and Editorial Practice.” In A Companion to the Middle English Lyric, edited by Thomas G. Duncan, 19–38. Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer, Inc., 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, Susanna. “Compilation and Purpose in MS Harley 2253.” In Essays in Manuscript Geography: Vernacular Manuscripts of the English West Midlands from the Conquest to the Sixteenth Century, edited by Wendy Scase, 67–94. Turnhout, BE: Brepols, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “A Saint ‘Geynest under Gore’: Marina and the Love Lyrics of the Seventh Quire.” In Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, edited by Susanna Fein, 351–376. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, David. “Lyrics, Sacred and Secular.” In A Companion to Medieval Poetry, edited by Corinne Saunders, 258–276. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallacher, Patrick, editor. The Cloud of Unknowing. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiser, Evaline et al. “Refinement of Metre Perception - Training Increases Hierarchical Metre Processing.” European Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2010): 1979–1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. “Noten und Abhandlungen zu besserem Verständnis dees West-östlichen Diwans.” In Goethes Werke, Vol. 2, 187–191. Munich: Beck, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grahn, Jessica. “The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Beat Perception.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1169 (2009): 35–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grahn, Jessica and Matthew Brett. “Rhythm and Beat Perception in Motor Areas of the Brain.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 5 (2007): 893–906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grahn, Jessica and J. Devin McAuley. “Neural Bases of Individual Differences in Beat Perception.” Neuroimage 47, no. 4 (2009): 1894–1903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grahn, Jessica and James Rowe. “Feeling the Beat: Premotor and Striatal Interactions in Musicians and Non-Musicians During Beat Processing.” Journal of Neuroscience 29 (2009): 7540–7548.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Finding and Feeling the Musical Beat: Striatal Dissociations between Detection and Prediction of Regularity.” Cerebral Cortex 23, no. 4 (2013): 913–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Richard Firth. “The Two ‘Litel Wot Hit Any Mon’ Lyrics in Harley 2253.” Mediaeval Studies 51 (1989): 304–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves, Peter. Strange Music: The Metre of the English Heroic Line. Victoria, AU: University of Victoria Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardman, Phillipa. “Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 33: Thoughts on Reading a Work in Progress.” In Middle English Texts in Transition: A Festschrift Dedicated to Toshiyuki Takamiya on his 70 th Birthday, edited by Simon Horobin and Linne Mooney, 88–103. York, UK: York Medieval Press, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, John. “The Rawlinson Lyrics: Context, Memory, and Performance.” In Middle English Texts in Transition: A Festschrift Dedicated to Toshiyuki Takamiya on his 70 th Birthday, edited by Simon Horobin and Linne Mooney, 104–115. York, UK: York Medieval Press, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, Andrew J. “Reading the Harley Lyrics: A Master Poet and the Language of Conventions.” English Literary History 47, no. 4 (1980): 619–645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hühn, Peter. “Watching the Speaker Speak: Self-Observation and Self-Intransparency in Lyric Poetry.” In New Definitions of Lyric: Theory, Technology, and Culture, edited by Mark Jeffreys, 215–244. New York: Garland, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huron, David. Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, John, Bruno Repp, and Aniruddh Patel. “Top-Down Control of Rhythm Perception Modulates Early Auditory Responses.” In The Neurosciences and Music III: Disorders and Plasticity, edited by Simone Dalla Bella, 58–73. Boston, MA: Blackwell, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Virginia. Dickinson’s Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Virgina and Yopie Prins. “Lyrical Studies.” Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 2 (1999): 521–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, editors. The Lyric Theory Reader. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, William T.H. “Introduction.” In The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry, edited by William T.H. Jackson, 1–22. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W.R. The Idea of Lyric: Lyric Modes in Ancient and Modern Poetry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn, Maidie Hilmo, and Linda Olson. Opening Up Middle English Manuscripts: Literary and Visual Approaches. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ker, N.R. Facsimile of British Museum MS. Harley 2253. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large, Edward and Caroline Palmer. “Perceiving Temporal Regularity in Music.” Cognitive Science 26 (2002): 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large, Edward, Joel Snyder, and Theodore Zanto. “Neural Correlates of Rhythmic Expectancy.” Advances in Cognitive Psychology 2 (2006): 221–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitin, Daniel. “The Neural Locus of Temporal Structure and Expectancies in Music: Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging at 3 Tesla.” Music Perception 22, no. 3 (2005): 563–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longenbach, James. The Virtues of Poetry. Minneapolis, MN: Graywolf Press, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, Elizabeth. “Aesthetic Responses to Repetition in Unfamiliar Music.” Empirical Studies of the Arts 31, no. 1 (2013): 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, Elizabeth and Rhimmon Simchy-Gross. “Repetition Enhances the Musicality of Randomly Generated Tone Sequences.” Music Perception 33, no. 4 (2016): 509–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menninghaus, Winfried et al. “Rhetorical Features Facilitate Prosodic Processing while Handicapping Ease of Semantic Comprehension.” Cognition 143 (2015): 48–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, Leonard. Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miner, Earl. “Why Lyric?” In Renewal of Song: Renovation in Lyric Conception and Practice, edited by Earl Miner and Amiya Dev, 1–21. Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Zettelmann, Eva. “Poetry, Cultural Memory and the English Lyric Tradition.” In Theory into Poetry: New Approaches to the Lyric, edited by Müller-Zettelmann and Margarete Rubik, 359–372. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nozaradan, Sylvie et al. “Tagging the Neuronal Entrainment to Beat and Meter.” The Journal of Neuroscience 31 (2011): 10234–10240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obermeier, Christian et al. “Aesthetic Appreciation of Poetry Correlates with Ease of Processing in Event-Related Potentials.” Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 16, no. 2 (2016): 362–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, Jason. “Imagining Book Production in Fourteenth-Century Herefordshire: The Scribe of British Library, Harley 2253 and His ‘Organizing Principles.’” In Imagining the Book, edited by Stephen Kelly and John J. Thompson, 45–60. Turnhout, BE: Brepols, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osberg, Richard. “Alliterative Technique in the Lyrics of MS Harley 2253.” Modern Philology 82 (1984): 125–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall, Derek. Old English and Middle English Poetry. Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putter, Ad, Judith Jefferson, and Myra Stokes. Studies in the Metre of Alliterative Verse. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ransom, Daniel. Poets at Play: Irony and Parody in the Harley Lyrics. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Repp, Bruno, John Iverson, and Aniruddh Patel. “Tracking an Imposed Beat within a Metrical Grid.” Music Perception 26, no. 1 (2008): 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revard, Carter. “Gilote et Johane: An Interlude in B.L. MS. Harley 2253.” Studies in Philology 79, no. 2 (1982): 122–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Oppositional Thematics and Metanarrative in MS Harley 2253, Quires 1–6.” In Essays in Manuscript Geography: Vernacular Manuscripts of the English West Midlands from the Conquest to the Sixteenth Century, edited by Wendy Scase, 95-112. Turnhout, BE: Brepols, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, M.L. “The Dialect of the Scribe of the Harley Lyrics.” In Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems, edited by Angus McIntosh, M. L. Samuels, and Margaret Laing, 256–263. Aberdeen, UK: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scahill, John. “Trilingualism in Early Middle English Miscellanies: Languages and Literature.” Yearbook of English Studies 33 (2003): 18–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scattergood, John. “The Love Lyric before Chaucer.” In A Companion to the Middle English Lyric, edited by Thomas G. Duncan, 39–67. Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer, Inc., 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartze, Michael et al. “The Impact of Basal Ganglia Lesions on Sensorimotor Synchronization, Spontaneous Motor Tempo, and the Detection of Tempo Changes.” Behavioral Brain Research 216, no. 2 (2011): 685–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sir Gawain and the Greek Knight, 2nd edition. Edited by J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon Revised by Norman Davis. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, Joel S. et al. “Effects of Prior Stimulus and Prior Perception on Neural Correlates of Auditory Stream Segregation.” Psychophysiology 46, no. 6 (2009): 1208–1215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solopova, Elizabeth. “Layout, Punctuation, and Stanza Patterns in the English Verse.” In Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, edited by Susanna Fein, 377–389. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stemmler, Theo. “Miscellany or Anthology? The Structure of Medieval Manuscripts: MS Harley 2253, for Example.” In Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, edited by Susanna Fein, 111–122. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarlinskaja, Marina. Strict-Stress Meter in English Poetry: Compared with German and Russian. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temperley, David. The Cognition of Basic Musical Structures. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsur, Reuven. Playing by Ear and the Tip of the Tongue: Precategorial Information in Poetry. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Poetic Rhythm: Structure and Performance. Berne, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Toward a Theory of Cognitive Poetics, 2nd edition. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuust, Peter et al. “Predictive Coding of Music-Brain Responses to Rhythmic Incongruity.” Cortex 45, no. 1 (2009): 80–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, Kendall. “Thoughtwriting—in Poetry and Music.” New Literary History 42, no. 3 (2011): 455–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiskott, Eric. English Alliterative Verse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellek, René. “Genre Theory, the Lyric, and Erlebnis.” In Discriminations: Further Concepts of Criticism. 225–252. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, Werner. “The Lyric: Problems of Definition and a Proposal for Reconceptualisation.” In Theory into Poetry: New Approaches to the Lyric, edited by Müller-Zettelmann and Margarete Rubik, 21–56. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, Rosemary. The English Religious Lyric in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev, Nicolay. Development of the Alliterative Metre from Old to Middle English. Dissertation, Oxford University, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Prosodic Restrictions on the Short Dip in Late Middle English Alliterative Verse.” Yearbook of Langland Studies 23 (2009): 217–242.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Myklebust, N. (2017). Rhythmic Cognition in Late Medieval Lyrics: BL MS Harley 2253. In: Wehrs, D., Blake, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63303-9_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics