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Conservation of Tropical Rainforests pp 241–293Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Government International Budgetary Allocations

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Abstract

Governments can also utilize a part of their budget to finance tropical rainforests in other countries or to finance domestic protected areas that link to international peace parks. International peace parks, also known as transfrontier conservation areas or transboundary protected areas, are protected areas that span more than one country. The author presents an historical overview, provides more details on the mechanisms, presents three case studies, and then undertakes both a financial analysis and a policy analysis, along with a future outlook.

The 3 case studies are the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) Program of Brazil, Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), and the Tri-National de la Sangha of the Congo Basin. The ARPA Program is the largest collection of protected areas in the world, and due to international support, ARPA has a 25-year fund. After these 25 years, the Brazilian Government will be able to fully finance the protected areas by themselves. The NICFI, since its launch in 2007, has committed nearly USD$3 billion to international tropical rainforest conservation initiatives. The NICFI has provided significant financing for Brazil’s Amazon Fund (i.e., which in turn supported the ARPA Program), helped establish the continuing Peatland Moratorium in Indonesia, and played a critical role in getting Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) into the Paris Agreement. The Tri-National de la Sangha (TNS) is an international peace park established between Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and the Republic of the Congo. The TNS is the first landscape, multi-country protected area in the Congo Basin, and in 2007, the Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund was established. The Trust Fund’s endowment, which was provided for via governments’ international budgetary allocations, was approximately €23.5 million as of 2014.

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Notes

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    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Historical Background of the Sangha Tri-National (TNS).” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/background-historical-background-of-the-sangha-tri-national-tns/

  9. 9.

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  11. 11.

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  13. 13.

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  19. 19.

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  21. 21.

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  23. 23.

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  25. 25.

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    Graver, Ane Broch. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  31. 31.

    ARPA. “Full List: PAs supported by ARPA.” Accessed December 8, 2016. http://programaarpa.gov.br/en/full-list-pas-supported-by-arpa/

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  33. 33.

    Maretti, Cláudio. “The Amazon: There is Hope!—If We All Do the Right Thing.” In On the Edge, written by Claude Martin. Berkeley: Greystone Books, 2015. 209–210.

  34. 34.

    UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Central Amazon Conservation Complex.” Accessed December 8, 2016. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/998

  35. 35.

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  36. 36.

    FUNBIO. “Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (Arpa).” Last modified June 26, 2015. Accessed April 10, 2017. http://www.funbio.org.br/en/arpa/

  37. 37.

    FUNBIO. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. October 2016.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Convention on Biological Diversity. “Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at Its Seventh Meeting.” Accessed December 8, 2016. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-07/cop-07-dec-30-en.pdf. 9.

  40. 40.

    FUNBIO. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. October 2016.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    Earth Innovation Institute. “Brazilian Agreement on Amazon Deforestation.” Accessed December 12, 2016. http://earthinnovation.org/our-work/case-studies/amazon-deforestation/

  44. 44.

    FUNBIO. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. October 2016.

  45. 45.

    Ibid.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Elliott, Chris. “REDD+ Is a Little More Complex than ‘Not Cutting Down a Tree’.” In On the Edge, written by Claude Martin. Berkeley: Greystone Books, 2015. 239.

  48. 48.

    Forest 500 Project. “The Government of Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative.” Accessed April 1, 2017. http://forest500.org/rankings/other-powerbrokers/government-norways-international-climate-and-forest-initiative

  49. 49.

    Norwegian Government. “Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative Extended Until 2030.” Last modified December 11, 2015. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norwegian-international-climate-and-forest-initiative-extended-until-2030/id2467031/

  50. 50.

    Graver, Ane Broch. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “Norway.” Accessed April 1, 2017. http://unfccc.int/tools_xml/country_NO.html

  53. 53.

    UN-REDD Programme. “Our Donors.” Accessed April 1, 2017. http://www.un-redd.org/donors

  54. 54.

    Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. “Donor Participants.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/donor-participants#overlay-context=donor-participants-0

  55. 55.

    Graver, Ane Broch. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  56. 56.

    Ibid.

  57. 57.

    Pharo, Per Fredrik Ilsaas. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  58. 58.

    Norwegian Petroleum. “Exports of Oil and Gas.” Accessed April 1, 2017. http://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/production-and-exports/exports-of-oil-and-gas/

  59. 59.

    Pharo, Per Fredrik Ilsaas. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  60. 60.

    Government of Norway. “The Agreement on Climate Policy.” Last modified December 12, 2014. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/climate-and-environment/climate/innsiktsartikler-klima/agreement-on-climate-policy/id2076645/

  61. 61.

    Pharo, Per Fredrik Ilsaas. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  62. 62.

    Graver, Ane Broch. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. “The Norwegian Climate and Forest Funding to Civil Society.” Accessed December 29, 2016. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/

  65. 65.

    NORAD. “List of Grant Recipients Norad/NICFI Grant Scheme for Civil Society 2013–2015.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/globalassets/import-2162015-80434-am/www.norad.no-ny/filarkiv/3.-sivsa-2012---/cfi/list-of-grant-recipients-2013-2015.pdf

  66. 66.

    Government of Norway. “Our Partnerships.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/climate-and-environment/climate/climate-and-forest-initiative/kos-innsikt/samarbeidspartnere/id2345203/

  67. 67.

    Thomson Reuters. “Norway to halve forest protection payments to Brazil to about $50 mln.” June 23, 2017. http://news.trust.org/item/20170623102123-g79q1/

  68. 68.

    NORAD. “Historical Constitutional Court in Indonesia Recognises Indigenous Territories.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/grants-2013-2015/achievements/achievements-2016/historical-constitutional-court-in-indonesia-recognises-indigenous-territories/

  69. 69.

    NORAD. “A More Inclusive Process is Ensured in Africa’s First Emissions Reductions Programme.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/grants-2013-2015/achievements/achievements-2016/a-more-inclusive-process-is-ensured-in-africas-first-emissions-reductions-programme/

  70. 70.

    NORAD. “Community Based Forest Monitoring Improves Decision-Making.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/grants-2013-2015/achievements/achievements-2016/community-based-forest-monitoring-improves-decision-making/

  71. 71.

    NORAD. “International Law Enforcement Cooperation Leads to Detention of Illegally Exported Timer from Peru.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/grants-2013-2015/achievements/achievements-2016/international-law-enforcement-cooperation-leads-to-detention-of-illegally-exporterted-timer-from-peru/

  72. 72.

    NORAD. “Improved Access to Forest Information in Indonesia.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/grants-2013-2015/achievements/achievements-2016/improved-access-to-forest-information-in-indonesia/

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    NORAD. “Forest Code Observatory: Carrying Out Dormant Forest Legislation.” Accessed April 1, 2017. https://www.norad.no/en/front/funding/climate-and-forest-initiative-support-scheme/grants-2013-2015/projects/forest-code-observatory-carrying-out-dormant-forest-legislation/

  74. 74.

    Moura Costa, Pedro of BVRio. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  75. 75.

    Forest 500 Project. “The Government of Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative.” Accessed April 1, 2017. http://forest500.org/rankings/other-powerbrokers/government-norways-international-climate-and-forest-initiative

  76. 76.

    Central African Forest Initiative. “The CAFI Declaration.” Last modified September 29, 2015. http://www.cafi.org/content/cafi/en/home/our-work/the-cafi-declaration.html

  77. 77.

    Ferguson-Mitchell, Jennifer. “US$ 200 Million Agreement Signed Between CAFI and the DRC Set to Prevent Tree Loss and Ensure Sustainable Development.” April 25, 2016. UN-REDD Programme. Accessed April 10, 2017. http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2406:us-200-million-agreement-signed-between-cafi-and-the-drc-set-to-prevent-tree-loss-and-ensure-sustainable-development&catid=98&Itemid=749

  78. 78.

    Graver, Ane Broch. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  79. 79.

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  80. 80.

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  81. 81.

    Pharo, Per Fredrik Ilsaas. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  82. 82.

    Norwegian Government. “Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative Extended Until 2030.” Last modified December 11, 2015. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norwegian-international-climate-and-forest-initiative-extended-until-2030/id2467031/

  83. 83.

    Kusumaatmadja, Rezal. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. August 2016.

  84. 84.

    Pharo, Per Fredrik Ilsaas. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  85. 85.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Historical Background of the Sangha Tri-National (TNS).” Accessed February 12, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/background-historical-background-of-the-sangha-tri-national-tns/

  86. 86.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Dzanga Sangha—Central African Republic (CAR).” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/dzanga-sangha-central-african-republic-car/

  87. 87.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Nouabale Ndoki—Congo.” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/fr/nouabale-ndoki-congo/

  88. 88.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Lobéké—Cameroon.” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/lobeke-cameroon/

  89. 89.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Historical Background of the Sangha Tri-National (TNS).” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/background-historical-background-of-the-sangha-tri-national-tns/

  90. 90.

    World Heritage Convention. “Sangha Trinational.” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380

  91. 91.

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  92. 92.

    TNS Foundation. “Mobilization of Financing Capitalization.” Accessed April 7, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/mobilization-of-financing-capitalization/

  93. 93.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  94. 94.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  95. 95.

    TNS Foundation. “Mobilization of Financing Capitalization.” Accessed April 7, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/mobilization-of-financing-capitalization/

  96. 96.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  97. 97.

    Ibid.

  98. 98.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  99. 99.

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  100. 100.

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  101. 101.

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  102. 102.

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  103. 103.

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  104. 104.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  105. 105.

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  106. 106.

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  107. 107.

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  108. 108.

    Ibid.

  109. 109.

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  110. 110.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Nouabale Ndoki—Congo.” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/fr/nouabale-ndoki-congo/

  111. 111.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Lobéké—Cameroon.” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/lobeke-cameroon/

  112. 112.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “Historical Background of the Sangha Tri-National (TNS).” Accessed February 15, 2017. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/background-historical-background-of-the-sangha-tri-national-tns/

  113. 113.

    The Sangha Tri-National Trust Fund. “History of the Trust Fund.” Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.fondationtns.org/dev/index.php/en/history-of-the-trust-fund/

  114. 114.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  115. 115.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  116. 116.

    Ibid.

  117. 117.

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  118. 118.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  119. 119.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  120. 120.

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  121. 121.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  122. 122.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  123. 123.

    Ibid.

  124. 124.

    Ibid.

  125. 125.

    Ibid.

  126. 126.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  127. 127.

    Blom, Dr. Allard. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. January 2017.

  128. 128.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

  129. 129.

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  130. 130.

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  131. 131.

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  132. 132.

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  133. 133.

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  134. 134.

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  135. 135.

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  136. 136.

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  137. 137.

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  138. 138.

    OECD’s Development Assistance Committee. “Biodiversity-Related Official Development Assistance 2015.” Accessed April 8, 2017. http://www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/Biodiversity-related-ODA.pdf. 7–8.

  139. 139.

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  140. 140.

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  141. 141.

    Zognou, Théophile. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. April 2017.

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McFarland, B.J. (2018). Government International Budgetary Allocations. In: Conservation of Tropical Rainforests. Palgrave Studies in Environmental Policy and Regulation . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63236-0_9

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