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Green Bonds, Landscape Bonds, and Rainforest Bonds

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Conservation of Tropical Rainforests

Abstract

Green bonds, particularly green bonds applied to the forestry sector, are a newly emerging conservation finance instrument. The author presents an historical overview, provides details on the mechanisms, presents 1 case study, and then undertakes both a financial analysis and a policy analysis, along with a future outlook. The case study examines the “first-of-its-kind” International Finance Corporation Forests Bond with REDD+ Coupon Payment which raised USD$152 million and provides a long-term purchase commitment for certified forest carbon offsets from Wildlife Works’ Kasigau Corridor REDD+ Project in Kenya.

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  1. 1.

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  3. 3.

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  26. 26.

    Garbaliauskas, Romas. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. July 2017.

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Blue Forest Conservation. “Forest Resilience Bond.” Accessed April 7, 2017. http://www.blueforestconservation.com/#frb

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    Climate Bonds Initiative. “Home: Green Bonds Market 2017.” Accessed April 15, 2017. https://www.climatebonds.net/

  36. 36.

    McQueen, Mike and Ed McMahon. Land Conservation Financing. 65.

  37. 37.

    Velde, Bruno Vander. “New Bond Aims to Unlock Private Investment to Protect Forests.” Humanature, Conservation International Blog. Last modified October 31, 2016. http://blog.conservation.org/2016/10/new-bond-aims-to-unlock-private-investment-to-protect-forests/

  38. 38.

    Environmental Finance. “IFC Upsizes $152 Million Forestry Bond.” Last modified November 1, 2016. https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/news/ifc-upsizes-$152-million-forestry-bond.html?utm_source=311016na&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=alert

  39. 39.

    International Finance Corporation. “IFC Issues Innovative $152 Million Bond to Protect Forests and Deepen Carbon-Credit Markets.” Last modified October 31, 2016. http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/pressroom/ifcpressroom.nsf/0/594A016A78A7B14E8525805D00461397

  40. 40.

    Environmental Finance. “IFC Upsizes $152 Million Forestry Bond.” Last modified November 1, 2016. https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/news/ifc-upsizes-$152-million-forestry-bond.html?utm_source=311016na&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=alert

  41. 41.

    Embree, Sid. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  42. 42.

    International Finance Corporation. “About IFC: Overview.” Accessed March 30, 2017. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/corp_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/about+ifc_new

  43. 43.

    International Finance Corporation. “A Bond that Protects Forests and Revitalizes Communities.” Last modified November 2016. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/news+and+events/news/impact-stories/a-bond-that-protects-forests-and-revitalizes-communities

  44. 44.

    Embree, Sid. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  45. 45.

    Ibid.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    International Finance Corporation. “Forests Bond.” Last modified October 2016. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/5299a595-721b-41ef-90fa-2cff3d50982c/FINAL+Forests+Bond+Investor+Presentation+10-5_pdf.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. 16.

  48. 48.

    Embree, Sid. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  49. 49.

    Ibid.

  50. 50.

    Ibid.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    International Finance Corporation. Environmental and Social Performance Standards and Guidance Notes.” Accessed March 30, 2017. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/our+approach/risk+management/performance+standards/environmental+and+social+performance+standards+and+guidance+notes

  54. 54.

    Environmental Finance. “IFC Upsizes $152 Million Forestry Bond.” Last modified November 1, 2016. https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/news/ifc-upsizes-$152-million-forestry-bond.html?utm_source=311016na&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=alert

  55. 55.

    Velde, Bruno Vander. “New Bond Aims to Unlock Private Investment to Protect Forests.” Humanature, Conservation International Blog. Last modified October 31, 2016. http://blog.conservation.org/2016/10/new-bond-aims-to-unlock-private-investment-to-protect-forests/

  56. 56.

    Cooper, Graham. “Consortium plans to build on the success of IFC forest bond.” Environmental Finance. June 22, 2017. https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/news/consortium-plans-to-build-on-the-success-of-ifc-forest-bond.html?utm_source=280617na&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=alert

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    Velde, Bruno Vander. “New Bond Aims to Unlock Private Investment to Protect Forests.” Humanature, Conservation International Blog. Last modified October 31, 2016. http://blog.conservation.org/2016/10/new-bond-aims-to-unlock-private-investment-to-protect-forests/

  58. 58.

    Embree, Sid. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.

  59. 59.

    Havemann, Tanja. Email message to author. January 8, 2017.

  60. 60.

    Ibid.

  61. 61.

    Ali, Hamza. “Spanish oil company issues controversial green bond.” Environmental Finance. May 10, 2017. https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/news/spanish-oil-company-issuescontroversial-green-bond.html?utm_source=100517na&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=alert

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    Havemann, Tanja. Email message to author. January 8, 2017.

  65. 65.

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  66. 66.

    Cranford, M., C. Parker and M. Trivedi. Understanding Forest Bonds: A Guide to Raising Up-Front Finance for Tropical Forests. Oxford, UK: Global Canopy Programme, 2011. Accessed April 11, 2017. http://globalcanopy.org/sites/default/files/documents/resources/UnderstandingForestBonds_0.pdf. 7.

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    Cranford, M., C. Parker and M. Trivedi. Understanding Forest Bonds: A Guide to Raising Up-Front Finance for Tropical Forests. Oxford, UK: Global Canopy Programme, 2011. Accessed April 11, 2017. http://globalcanopy.org/sites/default/files/documents/resources/UnderstandingForestBonds_0.pdf. 18.

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    Cranford, M., C. Parker and M. Trivedi. Understanding Forest Bonds: A Guide to Raising Up-Front Finance for Tropical Forests. Oxford, UK: Global Canopy Programme, 2011. Accessed April 11, 2017. http://globalcanopy.org/sites/default/files/documents/resources/UnderstandingForestBonds_0.pdf. 7.

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  78. 78.

    Cranford, M., C. Parker and M. Trivedi. Understanding Forest Bonds: A Guide to Raising Up-Front Finance for Tropical Forests. Oxford, UK: Global Canopy Programme, 2011. Accessed April 11, 2017. http://globalcanopy.org/sites/default/files/documents/resources/UnderstandingForestBonds_0.pdf. 7.

  79. 79.

    Havemann, Tanja. Email Message to Author. January 8, 2017.

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McFarland, B.J. (2018). Green Bonds, Landscape Bonds, and Rainforest Bonds. In: Conservation of Tropical Rainforests. Palgrave Studies in Environmental Policy and Regulation . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63236-0_16

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