Skip to main content

Becoming a Working-Class Male Adult Learner: Formations of Class and Gender in the Finnish Learning Society

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1098 Accesses

Part of the book series: Global Masculinities ((GLMAS))

Abstract

This chapter focuses on how class and gender inform Finnish working-class men's relationships with vocational adult education and learning. Current discourses in adult education problematize working-class masculinities and portray working-class men as individuals who fail to meet the currently hegemonic societal expectations in failing to appreciate and engage in ‘lifelong learning’. The study considers how men respond to these normative expectations from their gendered and classed social positions. The data come from interviews with 32 Finnish men from working-class backgrounds who have recently participated in vocational adult education. The results bring forward three cultural forms of being a working-class man that are related to attempts to conform to, disregard and challenge societal expectations prevailing in a late modern Nordic learning society.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Archer, L. (2001). Working-class men’s constructions of masculinity and negotiations of (non)participation in higher education. Gender and Education, 13(4), 431–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowl, M. (2012). Implication for practice, research and policy. In M. Bowl, R. Tobias, J. Leahy, G. Ferguson, & J. Gage (Eds.), Gender, masculinities and lifelong learning (pp. 161–174). London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowl, M., Tobias, R., Leahy, J., Ferguson, G., & Gage, J. (Eds.). (2012). Gender, masculinities and lifelong learning. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunila, K., Hakala, K., Lahelma, E., & Teittinen, A. (Eds.). (2013). Ammatillinen koulutus ja yhteiskunnalliset eronteot [Vocational education and social distinctions]. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, P. J. (2006). Men accessing education: Gendered aspirations. British Educational Research Journal, 32(5), 719–733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. (2012). Gender, health and theory: Conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 74(11), 1675–1683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (2002). Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press; Malden: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devine, F., & Savage, M. (2005). The cultural turn, sociology and class analysis. In F. Devine, M. Savage, J. Scott, & R. Crompton (Eds.), Rethinking class. Culture, identities and lifestyles (pp. 1–23). Hampshire/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, D., Elwood, J., Hey, V., & Maw, J. (1998). Failing boys? Issues in gender and achievement. Buckingham/Philadelphia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Illeris, K. (2006). Lifelong learning and the low-skilled. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(1), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isopahkala-Bouret, U., Lappalainen, S., & Lahelma, E. (2014). Educating worker-citizens: Visions and divisions in curriculum texts. Journal of Education and Work, 27(1), 92–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jauhiainen, A., & Alho-Malmelin, M. (2004). Education as a religion in the learning society. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 23(5), 459–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julkunen, R. (2012). Mieskysymys suomalaisen tasa-arvopolitiikan asialistalla [The man question on the gender equality policy agenda]. In A. Jokinen (Ed.), Mieskysymys. Miesliike, −työ, −tutkimus ja tasa-arvopolitiikka (pp. 30–43). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Käyhkö, M. (2015). Working-class girls in a foreign land. Social class and settling into university in a cross-current between two cultures. Gender and Education, 27(4), 445–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpi-Jakonen, E., Sirviö, O., & Martikainen, P. (2014). Adult learners in Finland: Formal adult education as an opportunity for reducing inequality? In H.-P. Blossfeld, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, D. Vono de Vilhena, & S. Buchholz (Eds.), Adult learning in modern societies: Patterns and consequences of participation from a life-course perspective (pp. 204–222). Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koski, L., & Filander, K. (2013). Transforming causal logics in Finnish adult education: Historical and moral transitions rewritten. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 32(5), 583–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosonen, T. (2016). Opiskeleva ammattimies, yhteiskuntaluokka ja sukupuoli. Tutkimus ammatilliseen aikuiskoulutukseen osallistuvista työläismiehistä. [The studying working man, social class and gender. A study of working-class men participating in vocational adult training]. Joensuu: Itä-Suomen yliopisto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamont, M. (2000). The dignity of working men. Morality and the boundaries of race, class, and immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manninen, S., Huuki, T., & Sunnari, V. (2011). ‘Earn yo’ respect!’ Respect in the status struggle of Finnish school boys. Men and Masculinities, 14(3), 335–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markkola, P., Östman, A.-C., & Lamberg, M. (Eds.). (2014). Näkymätön sukupuoli. Mieheyden pitkä historia. [Invisible gender. The long history of manhood]. Tampere: Vastapaino.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNay, L. (2004). Agency and experience: Gender as a lived relation. In L. Adkins & B. Skeggs (Eds.), Feminism after Bourdieu (pp. 175–190). Oxford/Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. (2000). Politics of masculinities. Men in movements. Lanham/Oxford: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education and Culture. (2010). Noste Programme 2003–2009. Final report (Reports of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland 2010:8). Helsinki: Helsinki University Print.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll, K., & Fejes, A. (2008). Mobilizing Foucault in studies of lifelong learning. In A. Fejes & K. Nicoll (Eds.), Foucault and lifelong learning: Governing the subject (pp. 1–18). London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, R. (2012). Men in United Kingdom adult and community education: The politics of practice and pedagogy. In M. Bowl, R. Tobias, J. Leahy, G. Ferguson, & J. Gage (Eds.), Gender, masculinities and lifelong learning (pp. 82–94). London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Official Statistics of Finland. (2009). Adult education survey [e-publication]: European comparison 2006. Statistics Finland, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/til/aku/2006/04/aku_2006_04_2009-04-24_tie_001_en.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2015.

  • Official Statistics of Finland. (2013). Aikuiskoulutustutkimus [Participation in adult education, e-publication]. Aikuiskoulutukseen osallistuminen 2012, 1. Aikuisopiskelijoiden määrä yli 1,7 miljoonaa. Tilastokeskus, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/til/aku/2012/01/aku_2012_01_2013-06-13_kat_001_fi.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2015.

  • Pini, B. (2005). Interviewing men. Gender and the collection and interpretation of qualitative data. Journal of Sociology, 41(2), 201–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pini, B., & Pease, B. (Eds.). (2013). Men, masculinities and methodologies. Hampshire/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reay, D. (2002). Class, authenticity and the transition to higher education for mature students. The Sociological Review, 50(3), 398–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S. (2013). Gaining skills or just paying the bills? Workplace learning in low-level retail employment. Journal of Education and Work, 26(3), 267–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S. (2014). Introduction: Masculinities in crisis? Opening the debate. In S. Roberts (Ed.), Debating modern masculinities. Change, continuity, crisis? (pp. 1–16). Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwalbe, M., & Volkomir, M. (2001). The masculine self as problem and resource in interview studies of men. Men and Masculinities, 4(1), 90–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, M., & Masschelein, J. (2008). Our ‘will to learn’ and the assemblage of a learning apparatus. In A. Fejes & K. Nicoll (Eds.), Foucault and lifelong learning. Governing the subject (pp. 48–60). London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeggs, B. (1997). Formations of class and gender. Becoming respectable. London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeggs, B. (2004). Class, self, culture. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolonen, T. (Ed.). (2008). Yhteiskuntaluokka ja sukupuoli [Social class and gender]. Tampere: Vastapaino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turtiainen, J., & Väänänen, A. (2012). Men of steel? The masculinity of metal industry workers in Finland after World War II. Journal of Social History, 46(2), 449–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labor: How working-class kids get working-class jobs. New York: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kosonen, T. (2018). Becoming a Working-Class Male Adult Learner: Formations of Class and Gender in the Finnish Learning Society. In: Walker, C., Roberts, S. (eds) Masculinity, Labour, and Neoliberalism. Global Masculinities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63172-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63172-1_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63171-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63172-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics