Abstract
We can continue our march towards the smallest things by simply continuing the process of scattering energetic electrons from nuclei, or nucleons. We’ve already noted that initial results of electron scattering demonstrated that protons have internal structure, visible through resonances in the scattering data. With increased energy, though, analysis becomes more complicated. For example, the final state of the e −, p + collision is no longer just e −, p +; there are other constituents, so the mass M used in equation 5.7 will no longer be the proton mass. Instead, M becomes a dynamical variable, defining the mass of the final hadronic state, usually denoted by W.
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Notes
- 1.
Friedman, Kendall and Taylor shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.”
- 2.
Yukawa’s “On the interaction of elementary particles. I.” was published in the Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan in 1935. Yukawa was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces.”
- 3.
Neddermeyer and Anderson’s “Note on the nature of cosmic-ray particles” appeared in the Physical Review in 1937, as did Street and Stevenson’s subsequent “New evidence for the existence of a particle of mass intermediate between the proton and electron.”
- 4.
Jack Steinberger’s “On the range of the electrons in meson decay” was published in the Physical Review in 1949.
- 5.
Lederman, Schwartz and Steinberger were awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.”
- 6.
Powell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1950 “for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.”
- 7.
Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.”
- 8.
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1948 “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.” Donald Arthur Glaser was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960 “for the invention of the bubble chamber.” Luis Walter Alvarez was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.”
- 9.
James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980 “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.”
- 10.
Yang and Lee were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles.”
- 11.
Englert and Higgs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider.” Brout had passed away in 2011 and was ineligible.
- 12.
t’Hooft and Veltman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999 “for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics.”
- 13.
The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 was awarded to Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current.” The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 was awarded to Carlos Rubbia and Simon van der Meer “for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.”
- 14.
Georges Charpack was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992 “for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.”
- 15.
Wilson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1982 “for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.”
- 16.
Gross, Politzer and Wilczek were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004 “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.”
- 17.
Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 “for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind.” The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 was awarded “for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics” to Martin L. Perl “for the discovery of the tau lepton” and Frederick Reines “for the detection of the neutrino.”
- 18.
Pati and Salam’s “Lepton number as the fourth ‘color’ ” was published in the Physical Review D.
- 19.
Wheeler’s “On the mathematical description of light nuclei by the method of resonating group structure” was published in the Physical Review.
- 20.
Heisenberg’s “Die beobachtbaren Grössen in der Theorie der Elementarteilche” was published in the Zeitschrift für Physik in 1943.
- 21.
Regge published “Introduction to complex orbital momenta” in Il Nuovo Cimento in 1959.
- 22.
Veneziano published “Construction of a crossing-symmetric Regge-behaved amplitude for linearly rising Regge trajectories” in Nuovo Cimento.
- 23.
Green and Schwartz published “Anomaly cancellations in supersymmetric D-10 gauge theory and superstring theory” in the Physics Letters B in 1984.
- 24.
Nordström published “Über die Möglichkeit, das Elektromagnetische Feld und das Gravitationsfeld zu vereiningen” in the Physikalische Zeitschrift in 1914. Klein published “Zum Unitätsproblem in der Physik” in the Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in 1921.
- 25.
Klein published “Quantentheorie und fünfdimensionale Relativitätstheorie” in the Zeitschrift für Physik in 1926.
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© 2018 Mark A. Cunningham
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Cunningham, M.A. (2018). Toward a Theory of Everything. In: Beyond Classical Physics. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63160-8_6
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