Skip to main content

Religion Is Kid’s Stuff: Minimally Counterintuitive Concepts Are Better Remembered by Young People

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: New Approaches to the Scientific Study of Religion ((NASR,volume 2))

Abstract

When it comes to explaining the recurrence of cultural forms, group-level naturalness is more important than individual-level naturalness. Building upon Pascal Boyer’s account for the group-level naturalness of religious ideas, Justin Gregory and colleagues provide, in a series of articles, new evidence that slightly or “minimally” counterintuitive concepts are better remembered than fully intuitive ones, but only in young people. Further, adolescents and young adults are more likely to generate ideas that feature minimally counterintuitive concepts. These developmental effects held for both Chinese and British samples. The relative ease of generating and remembering counterintuitive concepts in youth may contribute to the capacity of certain religious ideas, particularly ideas about intentional agents with a counterintuitive tweak or two that makes them inferentially rich, to take hold in a group and become cultural ideas (i.e., ideas that are mentally represented in similar form by the majority of individuals in a group).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Atran, S. (2002). In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L. (1998). Cognitive constraints on Hindu concepts of the divine. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 608–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L. (2008). Coding and quantifying counterintuitiveness in religious concepts: Theoretical and methodological reflections. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, 20(4), 308–338. doi:10.1163/157006808X371806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L. (2011). Cognitive science of religion: Looking back, looking forward. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(2), 229–239. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01564.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L. (2016). The (modest) utility of MCI theory. Religion, Brain, and Behavior, 6(3), 249–251. doi:10.1080/2153599X.2015.1015049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L., Burdett, E., & Porter, T. J. (2009). Counterintuitiveness in folktales: Finding the cognitive optimum. The Journal of Cognition and Culture, 9(3), 271–287. doi:10.1163/156770909X12489459066345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L., & Keil, F. C. (1996). Anthropomorphism and God concepts: Conceptualizing a non-natural entity. Cognitive Psychology, 31(3), 219–247. doi:10.1006/cogp.1996.0017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. L., & Nyhof, M. A. (2001). Spreading non-natural concepts: The role of intuitive conceptual structures in memory and transmission of cultural materials. Journal of Cognition & Culture, 1(1), 69–100. doi:10.1163/156853701300063589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, P. (1994). The naturalness of religious ideas. A cognitive theory of religion. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, P. (2001). Religion explained: The evolutionary origins of religious thought. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, P. (2003). Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 119–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, P., & Ramble, C. (2001). Cognitive templates for religious concepts: Cross-cultural evidence for recall of counter-intuitive representations. Cognitive Science, 25(4), 535–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chilcott, T., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2016). Relations between Gauḍīya Vaișņava, devotional practices and implicit and explicit anthropomorphic reasoning about Kŗșņa. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 16(1–2), 107–121. doi:10.1163/15685373-12342170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonce, L. O., Upal, M. A., Slone, D. J., & Tweney, R. D. (2006). Role of context in the recall of counterintuitive concepts. Journal of Cognition & Culture, 6(3–4), 521–547. doi:10.1163/156853701300063589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, S. E. (1993). Faces in the clouds: A new theory of religion. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J. P. (2014). Exploring counterintuitiveness: Template – And schema-level effects. Doctoral dissertation. Oxford University, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J. P., & Barrett, J. L. (2009). Epistemology and counterintuitiveness: Role and relationship in epidemiology of cultural representations. Journal of Cognition & Culture, 9(3), 289–314. doi:10.1163/156770909X12489459066381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J. P., & Greenway, T. S. (2016). The mnemonic of intuitive ontology violation is not the distinctiveness effect: Evidence from a broad age-spectrum of persons in UK and China during a free-recall task. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 17(3–4), 169–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J. P., & Greenway, T. S. (2017). Is there a window of opportunity for religiosity? Children and adolescents preferentially recall religious-type cultural representations, but older adults do not. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 7, 98–116. doi:10.1080/2153599X.2016.1196234.

  • Hornbeck, R. G., & Barrett, J. L. (2013). Refining and testing ‘counterintuitiveness’ in virtual reality: Cross-cultural evidence for recall of counterintuitive representations. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(1), 15–28. doi:10.1080/10508619.2013.735192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lisdorf, A. (2004). The spread of non-natural concepts: Evidence from the Roman prodigy lists. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 4(1), 151–173. doi:10.1163/156853704323074796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norenzayan, A., Atran, S., Faulkner, J., & Schaller, M. (2006). Memory and mystery: The cultural selection of minimally counterintuitive narratives. Cognitive Science, 30(3), 531–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slone, D. J. (2004). Theological Incorrectness: Why Religious People Believe What They Shouldn’t. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spelke, E. S., & Kinzler, K. D. (2007). Core knowledge. Developmental Science, 10(1), 89–96. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00569.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperber, D. (1996). Explaining culture: A naturalistic approach. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperber, D., Premack, D., & Premack, A. J. (Eds.). (1995). Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweney, R. D., Upal, M. A., Gonce, L. O., Slone, D. J., & Edwards, K. (2006). The creative structuring of counterintuitive worlds. Journal of Cognition & Culture, 6(3), 483–498. doi:10.1163/156853706778554904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upal, M. A., Owsianiecki, L., Slone, D. J., & Tweney, R. (2007). Contextualizing counterintuitiveness: How context affects comprehension and memorability of counterintuitive concepts. Cognitive Science, 31(1), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Justin L. Barrett .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barrett, J.L. (2017). Religion Is Kid’s Stuff: Minimally Counterintuitive Concepts Are Better Remembered by Young People. In: Hornbeck, R., Barrett, J., Kang, M. (eds) Religious Cognition in China. New Approaches to the Scientific Study of Religion , vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62954-4_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics