Skip to main content

Introduction: State of the Art of Assessing Second Language Abilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Revisiting the Assessment of Second Language Abilities: From Theory to Practice

Part of the book series: Second Language Learning and Teaching ((SLLT))

Abstract

Assessing the language abilities has been given its momentum in second language assessment and evaluation. Assessing such constructs has also undergone different changes that emanated from one testing paradigm to another, starting with discrete, integrative and then communicative testing. Testing trends also shifted from norm-referenced to criterion-referenced testing, thus stressing the idea of assessing the language ability against a well-defined criterion. In this regard, high-stakes international tests, such as the IELTS, TOEFL, etc., have been investigating the different facets of this construct that keeps evolving to form a comprehensive view about including so many intertwined variables to define the construct of language ability. There is a necessity to measure the language ability in a very objective way by using statistical tests to preserve test usefulness and equity. This has been the major concern of the different testing psychometric theories.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alderson, C. (1990). Learner-centered testing through computers: Institutional issues in individual assessment. In J. A. L. de Jong (Ed.), Individualizing the assessment of language abilities (pp. 20–37). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C. (2000). Assessing reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C. (2004). Foreword. In L. Cheng, Y. Watanabe, & A. Curtis (Eds.), Washback in language testing: Research contexts and methods. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C. (2005a). Diagnosing foreign language proficiency: The interfaces between learning and assessment. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C. (2005b). Exams reform teacher support. Retrieved from Projechttp://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/examreform/

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C., & Clapham, C. (1992). Applied linguistics and language testing: A case study of the ELTS test. Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 149–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C., & Wall, D. (1993). Does washback exist? Applied Linguistics, 14, 115–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C., & Wall, D. (Eds.). (1996). Language testing-special issue on washback, 13, 3. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, J. C., Clapham, C., & Wall, D. (1995). Language test construction and evaluation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (1989). Language testing: SLA interfaces. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 9, 193–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (1991). What does language testing have to offer? TESOL Quarterly, 25(4), 671–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (2004). Statistical analyses for language assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (2005). Building and supporting a case for test use. Language Assessment Quarterly, 2, 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Cohen, A. D. (1998). Language testing-SLA interfaces: An update. In L. F. Bachman & A. D. Cohen (Eds.), Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research (pp. 1–31). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing in practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (2010). Language assessment in practice: Developing language assessment and justifying their use in the real world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, K. M., & Brown, J. D. (1996). Language testing courses: What are they? In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 236–258). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2015). Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. D. (2004). Language assessment: Principles and classroom practices. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. T. L. (2011). Teachers’ conceptions of assessment: Comparing primary and secondary teachers in New Zealand. Assessment Matters, 3, 45–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. T. L., & Gao, L. (2015). Chinese teachers’ conceptions of assessment for and of learning: Six competing and complementary purposes. Cogent Education, 2(993836), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2014.993836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. T. L., & Michaelides, M. (2011). Ecological rationality in teachers’ conceptions of assessment across samples from Cyprus and New Zealand. European Journal of Psychological Education, 26, 319–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. T. L., Pishghadam, R., & Sadafian, S. S. (2014). Iranian university students’ conceptions of assessment: Using assessment to self-improve. Assessment Matters, 6, 5–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck, G. (2001). Assessing listening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalhoub-Deville, M. (1995). A contextualized approach to describing oral language proficiency. Language Learning, 45(2), 251–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalhoub-Deville, M. (1996). Deriving oral assessment scales across different tests and rater groups. Language Testing, 12(1), 16–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalhoub-Deville, M. (1997). Theoretical models, assessment frameworks, and test construction. Language Testing, 14, 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalhoub-Deville, M. (2001). Task-based assessments: characteristics and validity evidence. In M. Bygate, P. Skehan, & M. Swain (Eds.), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 210–228). Harlow: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalhoub-Deville, M. (2003). Second language interaction: Current perspectives and future trends. Language Testing, 20(4), 369–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalhoub-Deville, M., Chapelle, C., & Duff, P. (Eds.). (2006). Inference and generalizability in applied linguistics: Multiple research perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, C. (1998). Construct definition and validity inquiry in SLA research. In L. Bachman & A. Cohen (Eds.), Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research (pp. 32–70). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, C. (1999). Validity in language assessment. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, C. (2006). L2 vocabulary acquisition theory: The role of influence, dependability and generalizability in assessment. In M. Chalhoub-Deville, C. A. Chapelle, & P. A. Duff (Eds.), Inference and generalizability in applied linguistics: Multiple perspectives (pp. 47–64). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, C., Grabe, W., & Berns, M. (1997). Communicative language proficiency: Definition and implications for TOEFL 2000 (TOEFL monograph series no. MS-10). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, C. A., Enright, M. K., & Jamieson, J. M. (Eds.). (2009). Building a validity argument for the Test of English as a Foreign Language. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, A. H. (1996a). Introduction: The concept of validation in language testing. In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 1–14). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, A. H. (Ed.). (1996b). Validation in language testing modern languages in practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, A., & Mellow, D. (1996). An investigation into the validity of written indicators of second language proficiency. In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 72–93). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1990). Operationalizing uncertainty in language testing: An argument in favour of content validity. In J. A. L. de Jong (Ed.), Individualizing the assessment of language abilities (pp. 179–195). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, J. A. L. (Ed.). (1990). Individualizing the assessment of language abilities. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, D. (2000). Assessing language for specific purposes: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R. (1990). Individual learning styles in classroom second language development. In J. A. L. de Jong (Ed.), Individualizing the assessment of language abilities (pp. 83–96). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulcher, G. (2015). Re-examining language testing: A philosophical and social inquiry. London and. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henning, G. (1990). National issue sin individual assessment: The consideration of specialization bias in university language screening tests. In J. A. L. de Jong (Ed.), Individualizing the assessment of language abilities (pp. 38–50). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidri, S. (2014). Developing and evaluating a dynamic assessment of listening comprehension in an EFL context. Language Testing in Asia, 4(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/2229-0443-4-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidri, S. (2015). Understanding what assessment means to secondary and university teachers. Arab Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 19–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidri, S. (2017a). Specs validation of a dynamic reading comprehension test for EAP learners in an EFL context. In S. Hidri & C. Coombe (Eds.), Evaluation in foreign language education in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 315–337). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidri, S. (2017b). Discrete point and integrative testing. In J. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL Encyclopedia of english language teaching (Vol. 8, 1st ed.). Wiley Online Publication. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley/Blackwell Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118784235/homepage/SampleContent.html

  • Hidri, S. (2017c). Item analysis. In J. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (Vol. 8, 1st ed.). Wiley Online Publication. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley/Blackwell Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118784235/homepage/SampleContent.html

  • Hidri, S., & Coombe, C. (2017). Preface. In S. Hidri & C. Coombe (Eds.), Evaluation in foreign language education in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. v–xii). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A. (2003). Testing for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lado, R. (1961). Language testing. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, G. N. (1990). Psychometric aspects of individual assessment. In J. A. L. de Jong (Ed.), Individualizing the assessment of language abilities (pp. 56–70). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T. (1996). Measuring second language performance. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T. F. (1997). “Interaction” in second language performance assessment: Whose performance? Applied Linguistics, 18(4), 446–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T. F. (2003). Looking back, looking forward: Rethinking Bachman. Language Testing, 20(4), 466–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messick, S. (1988). The once and future issues of validity: Assessing the meaning and consequences of measurement. In H. Wainer & H. Braun (Eds.), Test validity (pp. 33–45). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messick, S. (1989). Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment. Educational Researcher, 18, 5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messick, S. (1994). The interplay evidence and consequences in the validation of performance assessments. Educational Researcher, 23(2), 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milanovic, M., Saville, N., Pollitt, A., & Cook, A. (1996). Developing rating scales for VASE: Theoretical concerns and analyses. In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 15–38). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, J. (2004). Assessing grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. (2002). The use of interactive input in EAP listening assessment. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 1, 105–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shohamy, E., & McNamara, T. (Eds.). (2009a). Language tests for citizenship, immigration, and asylum (Special issue). Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shohamy, E., & McNamara, T. (2009b). Editorial. In E. Shohamy & T. McNamara (Eds.), Language tests for citizenship, immigration, and asylum (Special issue). Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spolsky, B. (1990). Social aspects of individual assessment. In J. A. L. de Jong (Ed.), Individualizing the assessment of language abilities (pp. 3–15). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C., & Upshur, J. (1996). Developing rating scales for the assessment of second language performance. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 13, 55–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C., & Upshur, J. (2002). Rating scales derived from student samples: Effects of the scale maker and the student sample on scale content and student scores. TESOL Quarterly, 36(1), 49–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyndall, B., & Kenyon, D. M. (1996). Validation of a new holistic rating scale using Rasch multi-faceted analysis. In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 39–57). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, D., & Alderson, J. C. (1996). Examining washback: The Sri Lankan impact study. In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 194–221). Multilingual Matters: Clevedon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, S. C. (1994). Effects of training on raters of ESL compositions. Language Testing, 11, 197–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, S. C. (1998). Using FACETS to model rater training effects. Language Testing, 15(2), 263–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, S. C. (2002). Assessing writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, S. C., & Lynch, B. (1996). Hypothesis testing in construct validation. In C. H. Alister (Ed.), Validation in language testing modern languages in practice (pp. 58–71). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, C. J. (2005). Language testing and validation: An evidence-based approach. Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sahbi Hidri .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hidri, S. (2018). Introduction: State of the Art of Assessing Second Language Abilities. In: Hidri, S. (eds) Revisiting the Assessment of Second Language Abilities: From Theory to Practice. Second Language Learning and Teaching. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62884-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62884-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62883-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62884-4

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics