Abstract
In this chapter, we review basic concepts, measurements, and methods in mapping topographic and reflectance (image) data of planetary surfaces. This includes the definition of coordinate systems for each body, the identification of the shape of a planetary body, and the establishment of reference systems and reference bodies that are required to produce horizontally and vertically accurate representations of a planetary surface.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acton C (1996) Ancillary data services of NASA’s navigation and ancillary information facility. Planet Space Sci 44:65–70
Aeschliman R (1998) Topographic map of the Guinevere Planitia of Venus. V10M 30/240 RTK, USGS
Archinal B, Becker T, Lee E, Edmundson K (2013) Initial global control network and mosaicking of ISS Images of titan. In: 44th lunar and planetary science conference, p 2957
Archinal BA, Lee EM, Kirk RL, Duxbury TC, Sucharski RM, Cook DA, Barrett JM (2004) A new mars digital image model (MDIM 2.1) control network. ISPRS Working Group IV/p Workshop
Archinal BA et al (2010) Report of the IAU working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2009. Celest Mech Dyn Astr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4
Archinal BA, A’Hearn MF, Bowell E, Conrad A, Consolmagno GJ, Courtin R, Fukushima T, Hestroffer D, Hilton JL, Krasinsky GA, Neumann G, Oberst J, Seidelmann PK, Stooke P, Tholen DJ, Thomas PC, Williams IP (2011) Report of the IAU/IAG working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites: 2009. Celest Mech Dyn Astr 109(2):101–135
Batson RM (1990) Map formats and projections used in planetary cartography. In: Greeley R, Barson RM (eds) Planetary mapping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Batson RM (1973) Cartographic products from the mariner 9 mission. J Geophys Res 78(20):4424–4435
Becker TL, Geissler PE (2005) Galileo global color mosaics of Io. In: Lunar and planetary institute science conference abstracts, vol 36. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1862.pdf
Becker TL, Archinal B, Colvin TR, Davies ME, Gitlin A, Kirk RL, Weller L (2001) Final digital global maps of Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, abs. no. 2009
Becker TL et al (2016) Completed global control network and Basemap of Enceladus. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XLVII, Abs. #2342. http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/2342.pdf
Belton MJS, Klaasen KP, Clary MC, Anderson JL, Anger CD, Carr MH, Chapman CR, Davies ME, Greeley R, Anderson D (1992) The Galileo solid-state imaging experiment. Space Sci Rev 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00216864
Bills BG (2005) Variations in the rotation rate of Venus due to orbital eccentricity modulation of solar tidal torques. J Geophys Res 110, E11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003je002190
Burba GA (1996) Cartographic aspects of Venus global geologic mapping at 1:10,000,000 scale. Vernadskiy-Brown Micro 24 abstracts 11
Burmeister S, Willner K, Schmidt V, Oberst J (2018) Determination of Phobos’ rotational parameters by an inertial frame bundle block adjustment. J Geodesy 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1112-8
Cheng AF et al (2008) Long-range reconnaissance imager on new horizons. Space Sci Rev 140:189–215
Christensen PR et al (2001) Mars global surveyor thermal emission spectrometer experiment: investigation description and surface science results. J Geophys Res 106:23823–23872
Costa M (2017) SPICE for ESA planetary missions. EPSC Abstracts, vol 11, EPSC2017-654-1
Dermott SF, Thomas PC (1987) The shape and internal structure of mimas. Icarus 73:25–65
Duxbury TC, Kirk RL, Archinal BA, Neumann GA (2002) Mars geodesy/cartography working group recommendations on mars cartographic constants and coordinate systems. ISPRS, vol 34, part 4, “Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications,” Ottawa
Edwards CS, Nowicki, KJ, Christensen, PR, Hill, J, Gorelick, N, Murray, K (2011) Mosaicking of global planetary image datasets: 1. Techniques and data processing for Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) multi-spectral data. J Geophys Res 116:E10008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010je003755
Elachi C et al (2005) Cassini radar views the surface of Titan. Science 308:970–974
Eliason E, Isbell C, Lee E, Becker T, Gaddis L, McEwen A, Robinson, M (1999) Mission to the Moon: the clementine UVVIS global lunar mosaic, PDS Volumes USA_NASA_PDS_CL_4001 through 4078, produced by the U.S. Geological Survey and distributed on CD media by the Planetary Data System
Fergason RL, Lee EM, Weller L (2013) THEMIS geodetically controlled Mosaics of Mars, 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, Abstract #1642
Ford PG (1992) MGN V RDRS 5 global data record reflectivity V1.0, MGN-V-RDRS-5-GDR-REFLECTIVITY-V1.0, NASA planetary data system from cassini-ISS images. Planet Space Sci 57:83–92
Gaddis L, Barrett J, Laura J, Milazzo M (2015) USGS ISIS tools supporting lunar selene “Kaguya” data from terrain camera, multiband imager and spectral profiler instruments. In: Second Planetary Data Workshop, 7040
Gaddis LR, Sucharski, T, Becker, T, Gitlin, A (2001) Cartographic processing of digital lunar orbiter data, LPS XXXII, abs. #1892. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1892.pdf
Gwinner K, Jaumann R, Hauber E, Hoffmann H, Heipke C, Oberst J, Neukum G, Ansan V, Bostelmann J, Dumke A, Elgner S, Erkeling G, Fueten F, Hiesinger H, Hoekzema NM, Kersten E, Loizeau D, Matz KD, McGuire PC, Mertens V, Michael G, Pasewaldt A, Pinet P, Preusker F, Reiss D, Roatsch T, Schmidt R, Scholten F, Spiegel M, Stesky R, Tirsch D, van Gasselt S, Walter S, Wählisch M, Willner K (2016) The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) of Mars Express and its approach to science analysis and mapping for Mars and its satellites. Planet Space Sci 126:93–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2016.02.014
Gwinner K, Scholten F, Preusker F, Elgner S, Roatsch T, Spiegel M, Schmidt R, Oberst J, Jaumann R, Heipke C (2010) Topography of Mars from global mapping by HRSC high-resolution digital terrain models and orthoimages: characteristics and performance. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:506–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.007
Gwinner K, Scholten F, Spiegel M, Schmidt R, Giese B, Oberst J, Heipke C, Jaumann R, Neukum G (2009) Derivation and validation of high-resolution digital terrain models from Mars Express HRSC-Data. PE&RS 75:1127–1142
Hare TM, Archinal BA, Becker TL, Lee EM, Gaddis LR, Redding BL, Rosiek MR (2008) Clementine mosaics warped to ULCN 2005 network, LPSC XXXIX, abstract#2337
Hare TM et al (2013) Map projection web service for PDS images. LPSC XLIV, abstract 2068
Haruyama J, Matsunaga T, Ohtake M, Morota T, Honda C, Yokota Y, Torii M, Ogawa Y (2008) Global lunar-surface mapping experiment using the Lunar Imager/Spectrometer on SELENE. Earth Planets Space 60:243–255
Hawkins SE III et al (2007) The mercury dual imaging system on the MESSENGER spacecraft. Space Sci Rev 131:247–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9266-3
IAU (1971) Commission 16: physical study of planets and satellites. In: Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly, Brighton 1970. Trans Int Astron Union 14B:128–137
Isbell C, Gaddis L, Garcia P, Hare T, Bailen M (2014) Kaguya terrain camera mosaics. In: 45th lunar and planetary science conference 2268
Jacobson RA, Konopliv AS, Park RS, Folkner WM (2018) The rotational elements of Mars and its satellites. Planet Space Sci 152:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2017.12.020
Jacobson RA, Lainey V (2014) Martian satellite orbits and ephemerides. Planet Space Sci 102:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.06.003
Jaumann R, Neukum G, Behnke T, Duxbury TC, Eichentopf K, Flohrer J, Gasselt SV, Giese B, Gwinner K, Hauber E, Hoffmann H, Hoffmeister A, Köhler U, Matz K-D, McCord TB, Mertens V, Oberst J, Pischel R, Reiss D, Ress E, Roatsch T, Saiger P, Scholten F, Schwarz G, Stephan K, Wählisch M (2007) The high-resolution stereo camera (HRSC) experiment on Mars Express: instrument aspects and experiment conduct from interplanetary cruise through the nominal mission. Planet Space Sci 55:928–952
Kim JR, Muller J-P (2008) Very high resolution stereo DTM extraction and its application to surace roughness estimation over Martian surface. Int Arch Photogram Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci. XXXVII(B4):993–998
Kirk RL, Howington-Kraus E, Redding B, Galuszka D, Hare TM, Archinal BA, Soderblom LA, Barrett JM (2003) High-resolution topomapping of candidate MER landing sites with Mars Orbiter Camera narrow-angle images. J Geophys Res 108(E12):8088. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002131
Laura JR, Hare TM, Gaddis LR, Fergason RL, Skinner JA, Hagerty JJ, Archinal BA (2017) Towards a planetary spatial data infrastructure. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 6:181
Lee EM, Gaddis LR, Weller L, Richie JO, Becker T, Shinaman J, Rosiek MR, Archinal BA, USG (2009) A new clementine basemap of the Moon. In: Lunar and planetary science conference XL, Houston, TX. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/2445.pdf
Li C, Ren X et al (2010) Laser altimetry data of Chang’E-1 and the global lunar DEM model. Sci China Earth Sci 53(11):1582–1593
Melosh JH (2011) Planetary surface processes. Cambridge University Press, New York
Michael GG, Walter SHG, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W, Gross C, McGuire PC, Dumke A, Schreiner B, van Gasselt S, Gwinner K, Jaumann R (2016) Systematic processing of Mars Express HRSC panchromatic and colour image mosaics: image equalisation using an external brightness reference. Planet Space Sci 121:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.12.002
Moore JM et al (2016) The geology of Pluto and Charon through the eyes of New Horizons. Science 351(6279):1284–1293. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7055 https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.05702
Moratto ZM, Broxton MJ, Beyer RA, Lundy M, Husmann K (2010) Ames stereo pipeline, NASA’s open source automated stereogrammetry software. In: LPSC, vol 41, p 2364
NAIF (2017) An overview of reference frames and coordinate systems in the SPICE context. Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility. https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/toolkit_docs/Tutorials/pdf/individual_docs/17_frames_and_coordinate_systems.pdf
Oberst J, Elgner S, Turner FS, Perry ME, Gaskell RW, Zuber MT, Robinson MS, Solomon SC (2011) Radius and limb topography of Mercury obtained from images acquired during the MESSENGER flybys. Planet Space Sci 59:1918–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.003
Ohtake M, Pieters CM, Isaacson P, Besse S, Yokota Y, Matsunaga T, Boardman J, Yamomoto S, Haruyama J, Staid M, Mall U, Green RO (2013) One Moon, many measurements 3: spectral reflectance. Icarus 226(1):364–374
PDS (2008) PDS standards reference, chapter 2. Cartographic standards. Draft: v. 4.3, 12.10.08. https://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/documents/sr/stdref3.7/Chapter2_20081210_v4_3_final_rev.pdf
Perry ME et al (2011) Measurement of the radius of Mercury by radio occultation during the MESSENGER flybys. Planet Space Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.022
Pettengill GH, Eliason E, Ford PG, Loriot GB, Masursky H, McGill GE (1980) Pioneer venus radar results: altimetry and surface properties. J Geophys Res 85(A13):8261–8270
Preusker F et al (2017) The global meter-level shape model of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 607. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731798
Rizvanov NG, Nefed’ev YA, Kibardina, MI (2007) Research on selenodesy and dynamics of the Moon in Kazan. Solar Syst Res 41(2):140–149
Roatsch T, Wählisch M, Hoffmeister A, Kersten E, Matz K-D, Scholten F, Wagner R, Denk T, Neukum F, Helfenstein P, Porco C (2009) High-resolution Atlases of Mimas, Tethys, and iapetus derived from Cassini-ISS images. Planet Space Sci 57(1):83–92
Roatsch T, Wählisch M, Scholten F, Hoffmeister A, Neukum F, Porco C (2006) Mapping of the icy saturnian satellites. ISPRS XXXVI Commission IV, WG IV/7
Roatsch T, Kersten E, Wählisch M, Hoffmeister A, Matz K-D, Scholten F, Wagner R, Denk T, Neukum G, Porco CC (2012) High-resolution atlas of Rhea derived from Cassini-ISS images. Planet Space Sci 61(1):135–141
Russell CT, Raymond CA (2011) The dawn mission to vesta and ceres. Space Sci Rev 163(1–4):3–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9836-2
Sato H, Robinson MS, Hapke B, Denevi BW, Boyd AK (2014) Resolved Hapke parameter maps of the Moon. J Geophys Res: Planets 119:1775–1805. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013je004580
Saunders RS, Pettengill GH, Arvidson RE, Sjogren WL, Johnson WTK, Pieri L (1990) The magellan venus radar mapping mission. J Geophys Res 95(B6):8339–8355. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08339
Schenk PM (2008) Cartographic and topographic mapping of the icy satellites of the outer solar system. ISPRS XXXVII Commission IV, WG IV/7
Scholten F, Gwinner K, Roatsch T et al (2005) Mars Express HRSC data processing – methods and operational aspects. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 71(10):1143–1152
Seidelmann PK, Abalakin VK, Bursa M, Davies ME, De Bergh C, Lieske JH, Oberst J, Simon JL, Standish EM, Stooke P, Thomas PC (2002) Report of the IAU/IAG working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets, and satellites: 2000. Celest Mech Dyn Astr 82:83–110
Shan J, Yoon J, Lee DS, Kirk RL, Neumann GA, Acton CH (2005) Photogrammetric analysis of the mars global surveyor mapping data. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 71:97–108
Shevchenko V, Rodionova Z, Michael G (2016) Lunar and planetary cartography in Russia. Springer, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1
Sidiropoulos P, Muller J-P (2015) On the status of orbital high-resolution repeat imaging of Mars for the observation of dynamic surface processes. Planet Space Sci 117:207–222
Sidiropoulos P, Muller J-P (2018) A systematic solution to multi-instrument co-registration of high-resolution planetary images to an orthorectified baseline. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 56(1):78–92
Simonelli DP, Thomas PC, Carcich BT, Veverka J (1993) The generation and use of numerical shape models for irregular solar system objects. Icarus 103:49–61
Smith DE et al (2010) The lunar orbiter laser altimeter investigation on the lunar reconnaissance orbiter mission. Space Sci Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9512-y
Smith DE, Zuber MT, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Head JW, Garvin JB, Banerdt WB, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Neumann GA, Lemoine FG, Abshire JB, Aharonson O, Brown CD, Hauck SA, Ivanov AB, McGovern PJ, Zwally HJ, Duxbury TC (1999) The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. Science 284:1495–1503
Speyerer EJ, Robinson MS, Denevi BW, The LROC Science Team (2011) Lunar reconnaissance orbiter camera global morphological map of the Moon. In: Lunar planetary science conference, abstract #2387. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2387.pdf
Snyder JP (1987) Map projections–a working manual, U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. Geological Survey professional paper, no 1395, vol 1395
Stark A, Willner K, Burmeister S, Oberst J (2017) Geodetic framework for martian satellite exploration i: reference rotation models. In: European Planetary Science Congress 11
Stephan K et al (2009) Mapping products of Titan’s surface. In: Brown RH, Dougherty M (eds) Titan From Cassini-Huygens. Springer, New York, pp 489–510
Stooke P (2012) Stooke small bodies maps V2.0. MULTI-SA-MULTI-6-STOOKEMAPS-V2.0. NASA Planetary Data System
Thomas P (1987) Limb topography of Uranian satellites. LPSC XVIII 1010-1011
USGS (2002) Controlled photomosaic map of Europa, Je 15M CMN: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I–2757. http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2757/
USGS (2004) Production of digital image models with ISIS. ISIS 2 documentation. https://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/Isis2/isis-bin/intro_digi_mosaic.cgi
USGS (2013) Stereo processing of planetary stereo imagery using ISIS3 and SOCET SET® a primer. Astrogeology Science Center, USGS
USGS (2017a) Mimas Voyager Image Control Network (RAND)
USGS (2017b) Control Networks. https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/maps/control-networks
Wagner RV, Speyerer EJ, Robinson MS, LROC Team (2015) New mosaicked data products from the LROC team. In: 46th lunar and planetary science conference, abstract #1473. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1473.pdf. Eposter: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/eposter/1473.pdf
Wang J, Scholes D, Zhou F, Bennette K (2017) COORDINATE SYSTEM? In: Planetary data system (PDS) geosciences node orbital data explorer version 3.0 user’s manual. http://ode.rsl.wustl.edu/moon/pagehelp/quickstartguide/index.html?introduction.htm
White OL, Schenk PM, Nimmo F, Hoogenboom T (2014) A new stereo topographic map of Io: Implications for geology from global to local scales. J Geophys Res Planets 119:1276–1301. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004591
Willner K, Oberst J, Hussmann H, Giese B, Hoffmann H, Matz K-D, Roatsch T, Duxbury T (2010) Phobos control point network, rotation, and shape. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.033
Willner K, Oberst J, Wählisch M, Matz K, Hoffmann H, Roatsch T, Jaumann R, Mertens V (2008) New astrometric observations of Phobos with the SRC on Mars Express. Astron Astrophys 488:361–364
Willner K, Shi X, Oberst J (2014) Phobos’ shape and topography models. Planet Space Sci (PSS) 102:51–59
Wong EC, Lai JY (1980) Attitude determination of Galileo spacecraft from star data. In: Guidance and Control Conference, Danvers, MA, 11–13 August 1980. AIAA PAPER, pp 80–1732
Zangari A (2015) A meta-analysis of coordinate systems and bibliography of their use on Pluto from Charon’s discovery to the present day. Icarus 246:93–145
Zuber M, Smith DE (1996) Topographic mapping of the Moon. Int Arch Photogram Remote Sens 31(B4):1011–1015
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to R. Kirk for the helpful discussions during the planning and reviewing of the manuscript and to P. Sidiropoulos who provided useful additions to the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hargitai, H., Willner, K., Hare, T. (2019). Fundamental Frameworks in Planetary Mapping: A Review. In: Hargitai, H. (eds) Planetary Cartography and GIS. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62849-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62849-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62848-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62849-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)