Abstract
A key consideration for treating maritime security risks in the Indian Ocean region (IOR) is the efficacy of regional security architectures: regimes, arrangements, entities and stakeholder relationships. The state of regionalism and security governance arrangements in the IOR is contrasted with the western Pacific region. Arrangements in the IOR, which include the Indian Ocean Rim Association and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium, are at a relatively nascent stage of development. This presents challenges for regional security cooperation and collective action; it also offers opportunities for devising innovative approaches to addressing regional maritime security risks. Prospects for improving Indian Ocean regional governance arrangements are explored and the implications of enhancing regional maritime security to treat risks and reduce vulnerabilities are assessed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967. Its stated aims are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development, and promote regional peace and stability through the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the UN Charter. The ASEAN Charter, which entered into force on 15 December 2008, provides a legal and institutional framework to support ASEAN’s objectives, including regional integration. ASEAN comprises ten countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. ASEAN has ten dialogue partners: Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia and the United States.
- 3.
These include the ANZUS Treaty between the United States, Australia and New Zealand; Philippine Treaty; Japan Treaty; and Republic of Korea Treaty. Notably, on 4 September 2014, the Southeast Asia Treaty between the United States, Australia, France, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand and the United Kingdom still appeared on the US State Department website despite being disbanded in 1977; see http://www.state.gov/s/l/treaty/collectivedefense/ and https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/seato
- 4.
The EAS is a regional leaders’ forum for strategic dialogue and cooperation on key challenges facing the East Asian region. EAS members are the ASEAN countries plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea (RoK), the United States and Russia.
- 5.
ARF was established in 1994. It comprises 27 countries: the ten ASEAN member states, the ten ASEAN dialogue partners, one ASEAN observer (Papua New Guinea), as well as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Mongolia, Pakistan, Timor-Leste, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. ARF is a key forum for security dialogue in Asia.
- 6.
ADMM+8 comprise the ten ASEAN states plus China, Japan, the RoK, India, Australia, New Zealand, Russia and the United States. It commenced in 2010.
- 7.
The Shangri-La Dialogue is an informal forum initiated and hosted by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). According to the IISS website (https://www.iiss.org/), the first meeting was held “in 2002 in response to the clear need for a forum where the Asia-Pacific’s defence ministers could engage in dialogue aimed at building confidence and fostering practical security cooperation”.
- 8.
The first EAMF was convened in response to the EAS in November 2011, which encouraged a “dialogue involving EAS participating countries to utilize opportunities and address common challenges on maritime issues building upon the existing ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF)”. Governmental and non-governmental delegates from EAS countries and the ASEAN Secretariat attended. The first meeting, in Manila, October 2012, focused on the ongoing relevance of UNCLOS, maritime connectivity and capacity building, infrastructure and equipment, seafarers’ training, protecting the marine environment, promoting ecotourism and fishery regimes in East Asia, and identifying best practices of cooperation.
- 9.
WPNS comprises the leaders of regional navies. The focus is upon naval cooperation and capacity building. It was inaugurated in 1988, meets biennially and includes numerous workshops and naval exercises. Participants include Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, France, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, China, the Philippines, RoK, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, the United States and Vietnam, with observers from Bangladesh, India, Mexico, Peru and Pakistan.
- 10.
Nineteen states are contracting parties to ReCAAP: Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Denmark, India, Japan, RoK, Laos, Myanmar, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Vietnam. A ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre was established that facilitates exchanging information on incidents of piracy and armed robbery, support for capacity building and cooperative arrangements.
- 11.
CSCAP provides an informal mechanism for scholars, officials and others in their private capacities to discuss political and security issues and challenges facing the region. It provides policy recommendations to various intergovernmental bodies such as the ARF. CSCAP membership includes most of the major countries in the Asia-Pacific. It has 21 full members of the Council (Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, DPRK, RoK, Malaysia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam) and one associate member (Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat).
- 12.
MSP was formalized as the collective term to describe the combined Malacca Strait Sea Patrol (formerly MALSINDO), ‘Eyes-in-the-Sky’ (EiS) and an Intelligence Exchange Group operating under a Joint Coordinating Committee, with Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand participating.
- 13.
APEC was established in 1989. Its primary purpose is to facilitate economic growth and prosperity in the region, with the vision of creating a seamless regional economy. APEC has 21 member economies: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, RoK, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam.
- 14.
For example, the author represented CSCAP at an ARF ISM on MS in Seoul, South Korea, in April 2013. The presentation on offshore oil and gas safety and security regional strategic risk management led to the author’s participation in an ARF Working Group on Marine Environmental Protection held in Honolulu, March 2014, co-chaired by the United States, China, Japan and Brunei. The outcome included recognition that offshore oil and gas safety and security needs to be addressed as a common regional safety and security issue, and that risk-based concepts offer viable mechanisms for developing cooperative approaches to regional maritime security risks.
- 15.
Several IOR states, including Australia, India and Indonesia, are participants in both Indian Ocean and Asian-Pacific entities.
- 16.
The key objective of IORG is to initiate a policy-oriented dialogue among governments, industries, NGOs and communities, towards realizing a shared, peaceful, stable and prosperous future for the IOR. IORG encourages research on geopolitical, economic, sociocultural, environmental, scientific and technological issues.
- 17.
The IORA website states, with regard to IORAG: “In recent years, there has been a call to reinvigorate the Academic Group with a need for a more dynamic link between policy and projects ... IORAG ... needed to pay greater attention to ... Develop a stronger Indian Ocean Research environment; Foster a culture of “Indian Oceanness”; Focus on matters of common concern; Research aimed at enabling better regional policy outcomes; Develop a stronger regional policy foundation; and Enhance collective regional awareness.”
- 18.
The stated objectives of SAARC are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development by promoting active collaboration and mutual assistance in economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields. Member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
- 19.
The objectives of SADC are to achieve peace, security and economic growth to alleviate poverty, enhance the standard and quality of life of the peoples of Southern Africa and support the socially disadvantaged through regional integration and sustainable development. Member states are Angola, Botswana, Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, the Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
- 20.
EAC is the regional organization for Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Its mission is to widen and deepen economic, political, social and culture integration in order to improve the quality of life of the people of East Africa through increased competitiveness, value-added production, trade and investments.
- 21.
Formally known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, GCC’s objectives are coordination, integration and interconnection between member states in all fields in order to achieve unity, including economic and financial affairs, commerce, customs and communications, education and culture, and scientific and technological progress. Member states are the UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait.
- 22.
The focus of IOMAC was marine and oceans management. Initiated by Sri Lanka, India and other Indian Ocean states did not support it and it ceased effective operations in 1997.
- 23.
BIMSTEC’s focus is economic, with member states participating in the BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement. Member states are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
- 24.
DCoC was signed on 29 January 2009 and initially adopted by Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania and Yemen. Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sudan and UAE have since signed.
- 25.
IORA was formerly known as the Indian Ocean Rim – Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).
- 26.
In 2013, a ‘revised IORA Charter’ came into effect that replaces the earlier IOR-ARC Charter. The revised Charter includes formal recognition of the role of a ‘troika’ comprising the current ‘Chair, the Vice Chair and the previous Chair’, which will meet more frequently than the wider ‘Council of Ministers’.
- 27.
The term ‘Conclave of Chiefs’ refers to a formal meeting of naval and other maritime security agency heads that occurs biennially as a key part of biennial IONS Seminars.
- 28.
The author participated and presented papers at IONS in Abu Dhabi in 2010 and in Perth in 2014.
- 29.
The Iranian Navy chief reportedly insisted that Farsi be the official language of IONS. This remained a stumbling block to the Charter until the Perth meeting, when English was mutually agreed to be the official language of IONS.
- 30.
The IN Chief, Admiral D.K. Joshi, had resigned a few weeks before the IONS meeting in Perth, and the South African Chief was reported to be in the process of handing over command. There were no publicly stated reasons for non-attendance by the Indonesian and Malaysian Navy chiefs.
- 31.
These points were emphasized by Vice Admiral Ray Griggs, Chief of Navy – Australia and Chair of IONS 2014, in his opening remarks on 25 March 2014. IONS 2010 theme was ‘Together for the Reinforcement of Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean’; IONS 2014 ‘Protecting the Ability to Trade in the IO Maritime Economy’.
- 32.
For example, the author was invited to present ideas on working towards a coherent and cooperative IOR maritime security strategy at IONS 2010, and spoke on IOR maritime security risks and risk-based approaches at IONS 2014. Both presentations were well received and generated considerable discussion, but no formal acknowledgement or decisions resulted from the ‘closed-door’ Conclave of Chiefs; IONS is the wrong forum for such policy matters to be progressed.
- 33.
This information was provided during an interview by the author with Vice Admiral Ray Griggs, Chief of Navy – Australia, on 8 August 2013.
References
Ahamed, E. 2008. India Seeks Structural Changes in the IOR-ARC. OneIndia News. http://www.news.oneindia.in/. Accessed 23 May 2010.
Alpers, Edward A. 2014. The Indian Ocean in World History. New York: Oxford University Press.
Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2014. Joint Communiqué 47th ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting. Myanmar, August 8. http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/joint-communique-47th-asean-foreign-ministers-meeting. Accessed 26 Aug 2014.
Banlaoi, Rommel C. 2009. Maritime Security Threats in Post-9/11 Southeast Asia: Regional Responses. In Lloyd’s MIU Handbook of Maritime Security, ed. Rupert Herbert-Burns, Sam Bateman, and Peter Lehr, 253–269. London: CRC Press.
Beck, Ulrich. 1999. World Risk Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beeson, Mark, and Richard Stubbs, eds. 2012. Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism. London/New York: Routledge.
Bhattacharyya, Anushree. 2010. Understanding Security in Regionalism Framework: ASEAN Maritime Security in Perspective. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 6 (2): 72–89.
Bishop, Julie, Salman Khurshid, and Marty Natalegawa. 2013. Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Joint Op-Ed. November 2. http://foreignminister.gov.au/articles/2013/jb_ar_131101.html. Accessed 13 Jan 2017.
Bodeen, Christopher, and Gillian Wong. 2016. Philippine President Announces Separation from US. The Associated Press, October 21.
Bouchard, Christian. 2004. Emergence of a New Geopolitical Era in the Indian Ocean: Characteristics, Issues and Limitations of the Indianoceanic Order. In Geopolitical Orientations, Regionalism and Security in the Indian Ocean, ed. Dennis Rumley and Sanjay Chaturvedi, 84–109. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers.
Buzan, Barry. 2011. The South Asian Security Complex in a Decentring World Order: Reconsidering Regions and Powers Ten Years On. International Studies 48 (1): 1–19.
Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2010. Non-Traditional Security Challenges, Regional Governance and the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC). Asia Security Initiative Policy Series, Working Paper No. 7.
Camroux, David. 2012. The East Asia Summit: Pan-Asian Multilateralism Rather than Intra-Asian Regionalism. In Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism, ed. Mark Beeson and Richard Stubbs, 375–383. London/New York: Routledge.
Chalermpalanupap, Termsak. 2011. Carving Out a Crucial Role for ASEAN Defence Establishments in the Evolving Regional Architecture. In From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, RSIS Monograph No. 21, ed. Bhubhindar Singh and See Seng Tan, 18–27. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Chang, Yih. 2011. Comprehensive Security and Cooperative Security in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s and the ARF’s Responses to Non-Traditional Security Issues in the post-Cold War era. MPhil dissertation. Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales.
Chaturvedi, Sanjay, and Dennis Rumley. 2004. The Future for Indian Ocean Cooperation. In Geopolitical Orientations, Regionalism and Security in the Indian Ocean, ed. Dennis Rumley and Sanjay Chaturvedi, 300–314. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers.
Chellaney, Brahma. 2010. Indian Ocean Maritime Security: Energy, Environmental and Climate Challenges. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 6 (2): 155–168.
Cordner, Lee. 2010. Rethinking Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 6 (1): 67–85.
———. 2011. Progressing Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian Ocean. Naval War College Review 64 (4): 68–88.
———. 2014. Risk Managing Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 10 (1): 46–66.
Dash, Kishore C. 2012. Dynamics of South Asian Regionalism. In Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism, ed. Mark Beeson and Richard Stubbs, 406–419. London/New York: Routledge.
Doyle, Timothy. 2008. The Politics of Hope: Understanding Environmental Justice and Security in the Indian Ocean Region Within a Post-Colonial Frame. In Crucible for Survival: Environmental Security and Justice in the Indian Ocean Region, ed. Timothy Doyle and Melissa Risely, 305–324. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Dutton, Peter. 2013. The International Dynamics of the Controversy Over Military Activities in the EEZ. In Governing Ocean Resources: New Challenges and Emerging Regimes, ed. Jon M. Van Dyke, Sherry P. Broder, Seokwoo Lee, and Jin-Hyun Paik, 287–306. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Frost, Ellen L. 2008. Asia’s New Regionalism. Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner.
Gautam, P.K. 2011. Environmental Security and Regional Cooperation: What Is Feasible? In Energy and Environmental Security: A Cooperative Approach in South Asia, ed. D. Suba Chandran and J. Jeganaathan. New Delhi: Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies.
Ghosh, Probal. 2012. Indian Ocean Naval Symposium: Uniting the Maritime Indian Ocean Region. Strategic Analysis 36 (3): 352–357.
Gupta, Manoj. 2010. Indian Ocean Region: Maritime Regimes for Regional Cooperation. New York: Springer.
Hameiri, Shahar, and Kanishka Jayasuriya. 2011. Regulatory Regionalism and the Dynamics of Territorial Politics: The Case of the Asia-Pacific Region. Political Studies 59 (1): 20–37.
Hameiri, Shahar, and Jones Lee. 2013. The Politics and Governance of Non-Traditional Security. International Studies Quarterly 57 (3): 462–473.
Hettne, Björn. 2008. Security Regionalism in Theory and Practice. In Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century, ed. Hans Günter Brauch, Úrsula Oswald Spring, Czeslaw Mesjasz, John Grin, Pál Dunay, Navnita Chadha Behera, Béchir Chourou, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, and P.H. Liotta, 403–412. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
Hong, Nong. 2012. Charting a Maritime Security Cooperation Mechanism in the Indian Ocean: Sharing Responsibilities Among Littoral and User States. Strategic Analysis 36 (3): 400–412.
Horimoto, T. 2014. How Is Power Transition in Asia Taking Place? Paper Presented at the 16th Asian Security Conference, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, India, February 19.
Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). 2014. http://ions.gov.in/. Accessed 6 Feb 2014.
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). 2014a. http://www.iora.net/. Accessed 30 Jan 2014.
———. 2014b. Final Communiqué: 14th Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Indian Ocean Rim Association. Perth Communiqué, October 9. http://www.iora2014.net/media/970/communiqué-final.pdf. Accessed 21 Oct 2014.
International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2012. Djibouti Code of Conduct – Project Implementation Unit Report, Edn. 1: June 2011–January 2012. http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PIU/Documents/PIU_Brochure_1st_edition.pdf. Accessed 9 Sept 2014.
Ishak, F. 2014. Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA): An Integrated Examine Inclusive Mechanisms Models of Cooperation in the Indian Ocean. Paper Presented at the 16th Asian Security Conference, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, India, February 19.
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). 2007. Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation. Signed Tokyo, March 13.
———. 2008. Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation Between Japan and India. Signed Tokyo, October 22.
Jayasuriya, Kanishka, ed. 2004. Asian Regional Governance: Crisis and Change. London/New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
Ji, You. 2014. Chinese Response to the A la Carte Maritime Disorder in the Indo-Pacific Region. Paper Presented at the 16th Asian Security Conference, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, India, February 20.
Kornegay, Frances A. 2012. South Africa and the SADC in the Indian Ocean Maritime Security Equation. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 8 (1): 71–89.
———. 2014. Balancing Competitive Strategic Pressures in the Southern Oceans from the Vantagepoint of South Africa: The Indian Ocean Nexus. Paper Presented at The National Maritime Foundation Annual Maritime Power Conference, New Delhi, India, February 13–14.
Kothari, R. 1983. Concept of Common Security and the Reality of Common Insecurity. In Common Security and the Developing World, ed. A. Damodaran, R. Kothari, and K. Subrahmanyam, 16–26. New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
Krahmann, Elke, ed. 2005. New Threats and New Actors in International Security. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kullenberg, Gunnar. 2010. Human Empowerment: Opportunities from Ocean Governance. Ocean & Coastal Management 53: 405–420.
Laksmana, Evan A. 2011. Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Trends, Prospects and Challenges. In From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, RSIS Monograph No. 21, ed. Bhubhindar Singh and See Seng Tan, 71–89. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Lehr, Peter. 2013. Piracy and Maritime Governance in the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 9 (1): 104–119.
Lin, Shaun, and Carl Grundy-Warr. 2012. ASEAN and Interconnecting Regional Spheres: Lessons for the Indian Ocean Region. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 8 (1): 54–70.
Luke, Leighton G. 2010. United in Disunity? Pan-Regional Organisations in the Indian Ocean Region. Future Directions International Strategic Analysis Paper. http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/FDI%20Strategic%20Analysis%20Paper%20-%2030%20April%202010.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2014.
McPherson, Ken. 2004. “There Once Was an Ugly Duckling…,” or, The Sad History of the Good Ship IOR-ARC. In Geopolitical Orientations, Regionalism and Security in the Indian Ocean, ed. Dennis Rumley and Sanjay Chaturvedi, 112–119. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers.
Mohan, C. Raja. 2011. India’s International Security Trends: The New Maritime Imperative. Journal of Indian Ocean Studies 19 (3): 299–309.
———. 2012. Samudra Manthan: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment.
Naidu, G.V.C. 2012. Prospects for IOR-ARC regionalism: An Indian Perspective. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 8 (1): 21–36.
Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava. 1944. The Strategic Problems of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Institute of International Affairs, New Delhi. Kitabistan, Allahabad.
———. 1945. India and the Indian Ocean: An Essay on the Influence of Sea Power on Indian History. Bombay: Allen and Unwin.
Pasha, A.K. 2012. The Gulf Cooperation Council: A Regional Approach to Peace, Security and Development. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 8 (1): 90–98.
Paul, Joshy M. 2011. Emerging Security Architecture in the Indian Ocean Region: Policy Options for India. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 7 (1): 28–47.
Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2016. Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines V. The People’s Republic of China). July 12. The Hague, Netherlands.
Ponappa, Leela K., and Nguyen Thai Yen Huong. 2014. CSCAP’s Third Decade: Anticipating the Evolving Regional Security Architecture. In CSCAP Regional Security Outlook 2014, ed. Ron Huisken, 46–49. Canberra: Australian National University.
Prakash, Arun. 2011. Rise of the East: The Maritime Dimension. Maritime Affairs 7 (2): 1–13.
Rao, P.V. 2012. South Asia’s Retarded Regionalism. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 8 (1): 37–53.
Ratner, Ely, Patrick M. Cronin, Richard Fontaine, and Zachary Hosford. 2013. The Emerging Asia Power Web: The Rise of Bilateral Intra-Asian Security Ties. Washington, DC: Centre for a New American Security.
Rumley, Dennis. 2008. Securitizing the Indian Ocean Region Concrete Entity and Geopolitical Imaginations. In Crucible for Survival: Environmental Security and Justice in the Indian Ocean Region, ed. Timothy Doyle, 25–43. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
———, ed. 2013. The Indian Ocean Region: Security, Stability and Sustainability in the 21st Century. Canberra: Report of the Australia India Institute Task Force on Indian Ocean Security.
Sakhuja, Vijay. 2014. IORA Endorses Blue Economy. National Maritime Foundation, October 15. http://www.maritimeindia.org/Archives/IORA-Endorses.html. Accessed 21 Oct 2014.
Scott, David. 2012. The ‘Indo-Pacific’ – New Regional Formulations and New Maritime Frameworks for US-India Strategic Convergence. Asia-Pacific Review 19 (2): 85–109.
Sharma, Suman. 2012. Environmental Issues and SAARC Initiatives. World Focus 33 (3): 13–18.
Singh, Bhubhindar, and See Seng Tan. 2011. Defence Diplomacy and Southeast Asia. In From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, RSIS Monograph No. 21, ed. Bhubhindar Singh and See Seng Tan, 1–17. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Singh, Bhubhindar, Shawn Ho, and Henrick Z. Tsjeng. 2016. ASEAN Unity in the Face of China’s Unilateral “Consensus”. RSIS Commentary 151.
Sukma, Rizal. 2010. ASEAN and Regional Security in East Asia. In Security Politics in Asia and Europe, Panorama: Insights into Asian and Europe Affairs 02/2009, ed. Wilhelm Hofmeister, 109–120. Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Tan, See Seng. 2011. From Talkshop to Workshop: ASEAN’s Quest for Practical Security Cooperation Through the ADMM and ADMM-Plus Processes. In From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, RSIS Monograph No. 21, ed. Bhubhindar Singh and See Seng Tan, 28–41. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Taylor, Brendan. 2011. The Shangri-La Dialogue: Thriving, but Not Surviving? In From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, RSIS Monograph No. 21, ed. Bhubhindar Singh and See Seng Tan, 54–62. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Till, Geoffrey. 2013. Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. 3rd ed. London/New York: Routledge.
United States Government, Department of State. 2013. Joint Statement: Fourth U.S. – India Strategic Dialogue. Washington, DC: Department of State, June 24.
Yuzawa, Takeshi. 2012. The ASEAN Regional Forum. In Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism, ed. Mark Beeson and Richard Stubbs, 338–349. London/New York: Routledge.
Wagner, Christian. 2013. The Indian Ocean Rim – Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC): The Futile Quest for Regionalism? Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 9 (1): 6–16.
Wesley, Michael. 2014. Restless Giants: Asia’s New Geopolitics. Paper Presented at the 16th Asian Security Conference, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, India, February 19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cordner, L. (2018). Indian Ocean Maritime Security Cooperative Arrangements. In: Maritime Security Risks, Vulnerabilities and Cooperation. New Security Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62755-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62755-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62754-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62755-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)