Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the growing influence of China on the continent, which has made it Africa’s largest bilateral trading partner in the post-Cold War era. Issues of concern regarding China’s engagement revolve around the use of Chinese labour in its projects rather than the use of local African labour. Some of the criticisms of African governments’ engagement with China include environmental degradation and destruction of local textile industries in preference for cheap Chinese products. Thus a major challenge facing the Sino-Africa partnership in the post-Cold War era is that Africa seems to lack a long-term strategy for engaging China.
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Notes
- 1.
There were 22 influential newspapers and journals, including People’s Daily, Guangming Daily, Wenhui Daily, Ta Kung Pao (based in Hong Kong), Gongren Daily (Worker’s Daily), China’s Youth, Beijing Daily, World Work Union’s Movement, World Affairs, Guoji Wenti Yicong (translated collection of international affairs articles), and China Youth, World Youth, and Minzhu Qingnian (Democratic Youth). See also Lu Ting’en, “China-African Relations in 1950s”, in Treatises on Africa (2005), pp. 551–2.
- 2.
Lu, “China-African Relations in 1950s”, p. 552.
- 3.
People’s Daily, “News Analysis: Africa, China join hands in tackling challenges”, 28 May 2015, http://en.people.cn/n/2015/0528/c90883-8899109.html
- 4.
People’s Daily, “News Analysis: Africa, China join hands in tackling challenges”.
- 5.
George T. Yu, “China’s Africa Policy: South-South Unity and Cooperation”, in Lowell Dittmer and George T. Yu (eds), China, the Developing World, and the New Global Dynamic (London: Lynne Rienner, 2010), p. 134.
- 6.
Yu, “China’s Africa Policy”, pp. 134–5.
- 7.
Goran Hyden and Rwekaza Mukandala (eds), Agencies in Foreign Aid: Comparing China, Sweden, and the United States in Tanzania (New York: Macmillan, 1999), p. 57.
- 8.
Haifang Liu and Jamie Monson, “Railway Time: Technology Transfer & the Role of Chinese Experts in the History of TAZARA”, in Ton Dietz (ed.), African Engagements (Leiden: Brill, 2011), p. 240.
- 9.
Haifang Liu, “China-Africa Relations Through the Prism of Culture: The Dynamics of China’s Culture Diplomacy with Africa”, in China Aktuelle, vol. 3 (2008), pp. 9–44.
- 10.
Author Personal Interviews, 20 February 2009.
- 11.
This ranking is issued by US-based design firm Engineer News Record (ENR). For the 2015 ranking, 65 Chinese contractors are listed among the world’s top 250. See http://www.rdbc-international.org/uploadfile/2016/0103/20160103121924458.pdf
- 12.
The Tan-Zam Railway had been proposed but was postponed indefinitely for not being realistic.
- 13.
See website of Exim Bank, http://www.eximbank.gov.cn
- 14.
Haifang Liu, “Chinese Companies in Africa: Status Quo and Trends”, in Liu Hongwu and Yang Jiemian (eds), 50 Years of China-African Cooperation (Kunming: Yunnan University Publishing House, 2009).
- 15.
See Haifang Liu, “From Resource Curse to Resource Blessing: Research on Post-War Angolan Development”, in Li Anshan (ed.), African Dream (Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Publishing House, 2013).
- 16.
Liu, “From Resource Curse to Resource Blessing: Research on Post-War Angolan Development”, 2013.
- 17.
CCTV Documentary: China’s Memorandum, “China’s Vast Territory and Abundant Resources, Not Any More”, ZhongGuo JiTi JingJi [China Collective Economy] no. 10 (2010), pp. 18–19.
- 18.
Chen Gongyuan, China-African Relations and the Quest of African Issues (Beijing: Chinese Association of African Studies, 2009), p. 132.
- 19.
Zhang Hongming, “Level Analysis on China’s National Interests from Africa”, West Asia & Africa no. 4 (2016).
- 20.
Liu, “Chinese Companies in Africa”.
- 21.
Liu, “Chinese Companies in Africa”.
- 22.
Chinese Ministry of Commerce, “General Survey of China-African Economic Cooperation in 2014”, http://www.cn156.com/article-43376-1.html, see also http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/
- 23.
Centre for Study of Contemporary China, “Two Resources, Two Markets: A Study on China’s Resources Safety Guarantee System”, National Land & Resources Information no. 2 (2001), pp. 28–35.
- 24.
See also Centre for Study of Contemporary China, “Two Resources, Two Markets: A Study on China’s Resources Safety Guarantee System”, 2001.
- 25.
David Zweig, “The Rise of a New ‘Trading Nation’”, in Dittmer and Yu, China, the Developing World, and the New Global Dynamic, pp. 37–60.
- 26.
Chinese Ministry of Commerce, “General Survey of China-African Economic Cooperation in 2014”.
- 27.
See Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, Communiqué on Land and Resources of China 2014 and Communiqué on Land and Resources of China 2015, http://www.mlr.gov.cn/zwgk/zytz/201504/P020150422317433127066.pdf and http://old.mlr.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/201604/P020160421532279160618.pdf
- 28.
See Liang Ming, “Foreign Trade of Africa”, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_58acb4140101itpt.html (accessed 2 May 2015).
- 29.
Chinese Information Office of the State Council, “China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation”, white paper, 29 August 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-08/29/c_132673093_4.htm (accessed 2 May 2016).
- 30.
Heidi Haugen, “Nigerians in China: A Second State of Immobility”, International Migration 50(2) (April 2012), pp. 65–80.
- 31.
Wu Xiaobo, Thirty Years of Chinese Business (Beijing: Zhongxin chubanshe, 2008), pp. 97–102.
- 32.
Yoon Park, “Chinese Migration in Africa”, Occasional Paper no. 24 (Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs [SAIIA], January 2009); Haifang Liu, “Mapping the New Migrants Between China and Africa”, in Li Peilin and Laurence Roulleau-Berger (eds), China’s Internal and International Migrants (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 234–44.
- 33.
Haifang Liu, Report on Non-Governmental Associations of Chinese Communities in Africa, policy survey, Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) Secretariat, December 2014; see also http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CCS_China_Monitor_FOCAC_July-2015.pdf
- 34.
Helmut Asche, “China’s Engagement in Africa: A Survey”, paper presented at international conference “China in Africa: Who Benefits? Interdisciplinary Perspectives on China’s Involvement in Africa”, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 14–15 December 2007.
- 35.
Li Anshan, Haifang Liu, Zeng Aiping, and He Wenping, FOCAC Twelve Years Later: Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward (Uppsala: Nordic African Institute, 2012), p. 15.
- 36.
Anshan, Liu, Aiping, and Wenping, FOCAC Twelve Years Later.
- 37.
Haifang Liu, “FOCAC VI: African Initiatives Toward a Sustainable Chinese Relationship”, special edition of China Monitor, July 2015.
- 38.
“Xi Jinping: China and Africa Have Been a Community of Common Destiny”, http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/szyw/201512/04/t20151204_7324982.shtml
- 39.
Liu Guijin, “China-African Cooperation Was a Smaller The Belt and the Road Initiative”, The First Finance Daily, 26 May 2015, http://www.yicai.com/news/4623242.html
- 40.
Anshan, Liu, Aiping, and Wenping, FOCAC Twelve Years Later.
- 41.
Liu, “FOCAC VI”.
- 42.
For the names of these 29 ministries, see http://www.focac.org/chn/xglj/zfhx
- 43.
Li Anshan, Haifang Liu, Zeng Aiping, and He Wenping, FOCAC Twelve Years Later: Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward.
- 44.
“Chinese Investment in Africa Has Fallen 40% This Year—but It’s Not All Bad News”, Quartz Africa Weekly, 18 November 2015.
- 45.
“China’s Slowdown Blights African Economies”, The Age (Australia), 3 February 2016, http://www.theage.com.au/world/chinas-slowdown-blights-african-economies-20160203-gmkcte.html#ixzz409rM93so
- 46.
“Gloom Hangs Over African Mining As China Growth Slows”, Agence France-Press.
- 47.
The BBC film The Chinese Are Coming vividly records how the village economy was rejuvenated after Benguela Railway reopened and the western and eastern coasts of Africa were finally reconnected.
- 48.
For analysis on the inborn structural dilemma of China-African cooperation, see Haifang Liu, “Post-Crisis Development of Sino-African Cooperation: Practices and Perceptions”, in China International Strategy Review 2011 World Affairs.
- 49.
“China: A Precious Partner, Though Still Disputing and Secretive”, speech given by Angola’s Finance Minister at the conference “Angola: Present Situation and Future Outlook”, 11 April 2008.
- 50.
Author interview with Golden Nest Group, Luanda, 28 January 2011.
- 51.
Martyn Davies, “What China’s Economic Shift Means for Africa”, 11 March 2015, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/03/what-the-shift-in-chinas-economy-means-for-africa/
- 52.
Zhang, “Level Analysis on China’s National Interests from Africa”.
- 53.
Zhang, “Level Analysis on China’s National Interests from Africa”.
- 54.
Zhang, “Level Analysis on China’s National Interests from Africa”.
- 55.
Yang Yifan, “SSC Undergoing Metamorphosis? UNDP’s Readjusting Cooperation with China”, Bachelor’s thesis, Peking University, 2016.
- 56.
Hao Yiran, “A Study on China’s Trilateral Cooperation on African Affairs”, Bachelor’s thesis, Peking University, 2016. Hao has also been involved with scholars and ministers of Holland as well as the Danish government to discuss potential cooperation on African affairs.
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Liu, H. (2018). Africa and China: Winding Into a Community of Common Destiny. In: Nagar, D., Mutasa, C. (eds) Africa and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_4
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