Abstract
The Conclusion goes to the heart of the discussions in the 21 chapters of this book and provides a critical analysis that the author terms the core problematique—which underpins the relationship trajectory of Africa and its key external partners and actors during and after the Cold War. The author also makes recommendations that could be of possible use to Africa and its diasporas, the international community, their governments, and policymakers, as well as the civil society community.
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- 1.
Ian Bremmer, “State Capitalism Comes of Age: The End of the Free Market?”, Foreign Affairs 88(3) (May/June 2009), pp. 40–55.
- 2.
William A. Lindeke, “From Confrontation to Pragmatic Cooperation: United States of America-Namibia Relations”, in Anton Bösl, André du Pisani, and Dennis U Zaire (eds), Namibia’s Foreign Relations: Historic Contexts, Current Dimensions, and Perspectives for the 21st Century (Windhoek: Macmillan Education, 2014), p. 191.
- 3.
See Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, “Patrice Lumumba: The Most Important Assassination of the 20th Century”, The Guardian, 17 January 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/patrice-lumumba-50th-anniversary-assassination. Nzongola-Ntalaja outlines: “This heinous crime was a culmination of two inter-related assassination plots by American and Belgian governments, which used Congolese accomplices and a Belgian execution squad to carry out the deed.”
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William D. Hartung and Bridget Moix, “Report: U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War”, World Policy Institute, January 2000, http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm
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Mel Gurtov, “Realism and Corporate Globalism in Theory and Practice”, in Mel Gurtov, Global Politics in the Human Interest, 5th edition (Boulder: Rienner, 2007), p. 26.
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Jiri Valenta, “Soviet-Cuban Intervention in the Horn of Africa: Impact and Lessons”, Journal of International Affairs 34(2) (Fall/Winter 1980–81), pp. 353–67, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24356896.pdf
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Skye Wheeler, “UN: South Sudan Violence More Deadly Than Darfur”, Six Months in Sudan, 1 June 2009, http://www.sixmonthsinsudan.com/2009/06/un-south-sudan-violence-more-deadly-than-darfur. See also Daniel Large and Chris Saunders, “Stabilising Sudan: Domestic, Sub-Regional, and Extra-Regional Challenges”, Centre for Conflict Resolution, report, 23–24 August 2010, available at www.ccr.org.za
- 8.
Abillah H. Omari and Paulino Macaringue, “Southern African Security in Historical Perspective”, in Gavin Cawthra, André du Pisani, and Abillah Omari (eds.), Security and Democracy in Southern Africa (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2007), pp. 50–1. See also Lindeke, “From Confrontation to Pragmatic Cooperation”, pp. 181–210.
- 9.
Jonathan C. Momba and Fay Gadsden, “Zambia: Nonviolent Strategies Against Colonialism, 1900s–1960s”, in Maciej J. Bartkowski (ed.), Recovering Non-Violent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles (Boulder: Rienner, 2013), p. 71.
- 10.
Manfield Bienefield and Duncan Innes, “Capital Accumulation and South Africa”, Review of African Political Economy no. 7 (1976), p. 44.
- 11.
See Said Adejumobi, “Region-Building in West Africa”, in Daniel H. Levine and Dawn Nagar, Region-Building in Africa: Political and Economic Challenges (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 213–30.
- 12.
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove, 2004; originally published in 1963).
- 13.
Dawn Nagar, “The Politics and Economics of Regional Integration in Africa: A Comparative Study of COMESA and SADC, 1980–2015”, DPhil, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016, p. 92.
- 14.
Chris Alden, China in Africa (London and New York: Zed, 2007). See also Angela Ndinga-Muvumba and Lucy Corkin, “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon? China and Africa: Engaging the World’s Next Superpower”, CCR report, 17–18 September 2007, available at www.ccr.org.za
- 15.
Large and Saunders, “Stabilising Sudan”, 2010.
- 16.
Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in South Africa (London: Currey, 1986), pp. 169–70, 326.
- 17.
Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbours, pp. 169–70, 326.
- 18.
Lindeke, “From Confrontation to Pragmatic Cooperation”, p. 185.
- 19.
Francis Deng and J. Stephen Morrison, US Policy to End Sudan’s War: Report of the CSIS Task Force on U.S.-Sudan Policy (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001), p. 3.
- 20.
See Nagar, “The Politics and Economics of Regional Integration in Africa”, p. 112: “The total Nordic funding support received in 1985 for the Southern African Coordination Conference (now known as the Southern African Development Community) projects was $369 million, and while funding was provided, there was also trade conducted. This trade from Nordic countries to SADCC in 1986 totalled $4328 million and total exports from SADCC to Nordic countries totalled $4267. The trade amounts between Nordic and SADCC countries during the 1980s did not reflect a major difference. Trade with SADCC was only to ensure that Nordic countries’ motives for funding SADCC served as a form of cushioning for Nordic markets in instances of vulnerability, owing to the Nordic countries’ relatively high ratios of foreign trade to their gross national product.”
- 21.
Matthew J. Slaughter, “Trade Liberalization and Per Capita Income Convergence: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis”, Journal of International Economics 55 (2001), pp. 203–28; Richard Griffith, “The Dynamics and States of European Construction, 1945–1995, SADC-EU”, presentation at “Seminar on the Regional Integration Process”, 1995.
- 22.
Pascal Lamy, “Regional Integration in Africa: Ambitions and Vicissitudes”, Policy Paper no. 3 (Notre, Europe, 2010), p. 3.
- 23.
James T. Gathii, “African Regional Trade Agreements as Flexible Legal Regimes”, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 35(3) (2010), p. 658. See also Arvind Panagariya, “The Regionalism Debate: An Overview”, World Economy 22(4) (1999).
- 24.
Paul R. Krugman, “Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences”, Papers on Economic Activity 1 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995), pp. 327–77.
- 25.
Margaret Macmillan and Dani Rodrik, “Globalisation, Structural Change, and Productivity Growth”, in Marc Bacchetta and Marion Jansen (eds), Making Globalisation Socially Sustainable (Geneva: World Trade Organisation and International Labour Organisation, 2011).
- 26.
Macmillan and Rodrik, “Globalization, Structural Change, and Productivity Growth”.
- 27.
Sindiso Ngwenya, “Great Strides in Africa’s Unity”, Habari Network: Proposals for a More Effective African Growth and Opportunity Act (Zambia: Common Market for Eastern and Southern African States, 2015).
- 28.
James Hentz, “South Africa and the Political Economy of Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa”, Journal of Modern African Studies 43(1) (March 2005), pp. 21–51.
- 29.
Liam Halligan, “Global Africa: The Last Investment Frontier?”, in Adekeye Adebajo and Kaye Whiteman (eds.), The EU and Africa: From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2013), p. 183.
- 30.
See Nagar, “The Politics and Economics of Regional Integration in Africa”, p. 173: Any legally binding commitments must nuance the argument concerning bilateral and multilateral international trade agreements and the impacts of trade on Southern African economies; and on the African continent, and must take into account that governments—as sovereign states, and member states that are attached to regional economic communities (RECs)—were provided the right by their respective RECs to undertake international bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that are in accordance with regional treaties, such as the 1992 Treaty of the 15-member Southern African Development Community (SADC), as well as the 26-member Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community, and the SADC (COMESA-EAC-SADC) 2008 Agreement (to which 13 out of 15 SADC member states belong, and to which they are signatories).
- 31.
Halligan, “Global Africa”, p. 184: “Agriculture accounts for 18 percent of Africa’s GDP (compared to 7 percent for Asia and Latin America, 2 percent for Europe, and 1 percent for the United States), and hence it would be of considerable advantage of continent to strengthen its agriculture sector. Yet Africa produces only 3.5 percent of the world’s food exports. Ironically, the continent remains a net importer of farm produce, despite the fact that 70 percent of its population are working in the agriculture sector.”
- 32.
Charles Mutasa, “A Critique of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy”, in Adebajo and Whiteman, The EU and Africa, p. 249.
- 33.
United Nations (UN), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/08/ilo-youth-unemployment-set-to-rise-for-first-time-in-3-years
- 34.
David Furlonger, “GM Pulls Out of SA, Sells Plant to Isuzu: Chevrolet Vehicles Will Not Be Sold in SA After 2017”, Business Day (Johannesburg), 18 May 2017, https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/2017-05-18-general-motors-is-leaving-sa. See also Melissa Burden, “Global Retreat Shrinks GM Footprint”, Detroit News, 18 May 2017, http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2017/05/18/gm-stop-sales-india-exit-africa-market/101822544
- 35.
Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer, “The African Union and the International Criminal Court: Counteracting the Crisis”, Journal of International Affairs 92(6) (4 November 2016), pp. 1319–42, https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/92/6/1319/2688348/The-African-Union-and-the-International-Criminal?redirectedFrom=fulltext
- 36.
See also Daniel Levine and Dawn Nagar, “Security and Governance in the Great Lakes Region”, 9–10 May 2016; and Dawn Nagar and Fritz Nganje, “War and Peace in the Great Lakes”, 19–20 March 2016, both CCR reports, available at www.ccr.org.za
- 37.
Thabo Mbeki, foreword to African Union (AU) and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Report of the High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows From Africa, February 2012, p. 2, http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/iff_main_report_26feb_en.pdf
- 38.
See Nagar, “The Politics and Economics of Regional Integration in Africa”, p. 173. See also key policy recommendations provided in CCR policy seminar report “Africa and External Actors”, December 2016, www.ccr.org.za, pp. 4–5.
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Nagar, D. (2018). Conclusion. In: Nagar, D., Mutasa, C. (eds) Africa and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_22
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