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Mangrove Floristics and Biogeography Revisited: Further Deductions from Biodiversity Hot Spots, Ancestral Discontinuities, and Common Evolutionary Processes

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Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective

Abstract

This treatment provides an updated account of mangrove biodiversity patterns and evolution based on ancestral biogeography and extant floristics. Mangrove plants occur where they do in the world because past and current factors influence their dispersal and establishment. Key limiting factors include: land barriers, dispersal across water, climatic conditions, and availability of biotic material. Over time, each of these factors has morphed and changed as each driver varied during the evolution of the 80 species and hybrids from at least 18 family lineages. In this treatment, the factors influencing current distributional patterns have been looked at closely with the specific distributions of each genotype considering prior historical influences. Distributional patterns, like diversity hot spots spanning large geographic areas, species gradients, and discontinuities are considered tangible evidence of the appearance and evolution of each mangrove entity.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. James Cook University TropWATER Centre, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Norman C. Duke

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  1. Norman C. Duke
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Correspondence to Norman C. Duke .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Victor H. Rivera-Monroy

  2. School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia

    Shing Yip Lee

  3. Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Erik Kristensen

  4. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Robert R. Twilley

Appendices

Appendix 1

Distribution Maps . Listed are 24 distribution maps (A–X) showing 32 genera with 70 species of mangrove plants. Hybrid species are not included because their ranges for the most part match the overlapping distributions of parental taxa. For more references, specific descriptions, images, and distributional maps of each species, refer to the World Mangrove e-book app (Duke 2013, 2014a).

Fig. 2.7
figure 7

(A) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Nypa, showing extant, introduced, and fossil occurrences. Species: N. fruticans van Wurmb 1781. (B) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Acrostichum, showing extant, introduced, and fossil occurrences. Species: A. aureum L. 1753, A. danaeifolium Langsdorff and Fischer 1810, A. speciosum Willd. 1810. (C) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Rhizophora, showing extant, introduced, and fossil occurrences. Species: R. mucronata Lam. 1804, R. stylosa Griff. 1854, R. apiculata Blume 1827, R. mangle L. 1753, R. samoensis (Hochr.) Salvoza 1936, R. racemosa Meyer 1818. (D) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Avicennia, showing extant, introduced, and macro fossil occurrences. Species: A. marina (Forssk.) Vierh. 1907, A. alba Blume 1826, A. rumphiana Hallier f. 1918, A. officinalis L. 1753, A. integra N.C. Duke 1988, A. germinans (L.) Stearn 1958, A. bicolor Standley 1923, A. schaueriana Stapf and Leechman ex Moldenke 1939. (E) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Pelliciera, showing extant and fossil occurrences. Species: P. rhizophorae Planchon & Triana 1862. (F) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Sonneratia, showing extant, introduced, and fossil occurrences. Species: S. alba J.Sm. in A.Rees 1816, S. apetala Buch.-Ham. 1800, S. griffithii Kurz 1871, S. ovata Backer 1929, S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. 1897, S. lanceolata Blume 1851

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Fig. 2.8
figure 8

(G) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Bruguiera, showing extant, introduced, and fossil occurrences. Species: B. gymnorhiza (L.) Savigny ex Lam. & Poiret 1798, B. cylindrica (L.) Blume 1828, B. hainesii C.G. Rogers 1919, B. parviflora (Roxb.) Griff. 1836, B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. 1816, B. exaristata Ding Hou 1956. (H) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Ceriops, showing extant, introduced, and fossil occurrences. Species: C. tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson 1908, C. australis (C.T.White) Ballment, T.J. Sm. & J.A. Stoddart 1988, C. decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou 1958, C. pseudodecandra Sheue, Liu, Tsai and Yang 2010, C. zippeliana Blume 1849. (I) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Aegiceras, showing extant and fossil occurrences. Species: A. corniculatum (L.) Blanco 1837, A. floridum Roemer & Schultes 1819. (J) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Heritiera, showing extant and fossil occurrences. Species: H. littoralis Aiton 1789, H. fomes Buch.-Ham. 1800. (K) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Laguncularia and Lumnitzera, showing native and introduced occurrences. Species: Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. 1805; Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. 1803, Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt 1845. (L) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Aegialitis. Species: A. annulata R.Br. 1810, A. rotundifolia Roxburgh 1824

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Fig. 2.9
figure 9

(M) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Barringtonia and Pavonia. Species: B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. 1826; P. paludicola Nicolson ex Fryxell 1989, P. rhizophorae Killip. ex Kearney 1954. (N) Distribution of mangrove species of Acanthus and Muellera genera. Species: A. ebracteatus Vahl 1791, A. ilicifolius L. 1753; M. moniliformis L.f. 1781. (O) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Camptostemon. Species: C. philippinense (Vidal) Becc. 1898, C. schultzii Mast. 1872. (P) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Mora and Xylocarpus. Species: M. oleifera (Triana) Ducke 1925; X. granatum J.König 1784, X. moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roemer 1846. (Q) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Kandelia. Species: K. candel (L.) Druce 1914, K. obovata C.R. Sheue, H.Y. Liu & W.H. Yong 2003. (R) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Crenea and Scyphiphora. Species: C. patentinervis (Koehne) Standl. 1947; S. hydrophylacea C.F. Gaertn. 1791

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Fig. 2.10
figure 10

(S) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Conocarpus and Pemphis, showing native and introduced occurrences. Species: C. erectus L. 1753; P. acidula J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. 1775. (T) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Brownlowia, Diospyros, and Tabebuia. Species: B. tersa (L.) Kosterm. 1959; D. littoralis (R.Br.) Kosterm. 1977; T. palustris Hemsl. 1882. (U) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Osbornia. Species: O. octodonta F.Muell. 1863. (V) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Cynometra. Species: C. iripa Kostel. 1835.(W) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Dolichandrone. Species: D. spathacea (L.f.) K. Schum. 1889. (X) Distribution of mangrove species of the genus Excoecaria.

Species: E. agallocha L. 1759

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Appendix 2

Table of Species Groupings . Presented are tables showing proposed phylogenetic groupings of 32 mangrove genera (A: with 8 genera, B: with 11 genera, and C: with 13 genera) with selections of key species in each of the 15 global spatiotemporal groupings discussed in the chapter.

Table 6a Proposed phylo-genetic groupings of 8 of 32 mangrove genera and all respective species in 15 spatio-temporal groups
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Table 6b Further proposed phylogenetic groupings of 11 of 32 mangrove genera and all respective species in 15 spatiotemporal groups
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Table 6c Further proposed phylo-genetic groupings of 13 of 32 mangrove genera and all respective species in 15 spatio-temporal groups
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Duke, N.C. (2017). Mangrove Floristics and Biogeography Revisited: Further Deductions from Biodiversity Hot Spots, Ancestral Discontinuities, and Common Evolutionary Processes. In: Rivera-Monroy, V., Lee, S., Kristensen, E., Twilley, R. (eds) Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62206-4_2

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