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The Political Economy of Peacebuilding in Africa

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Abstract

This chapter argues that armed conflicts, conflict settlement, and peacebuilding in Africa are invariably associated with the underlying interests of those who drive these conflicts and of key stakeholders. The concept of peacebuilding is explored from both minimalist and maximalist approaches. The chapter analyses the underlying political economy interests in third-party interventions in conflict settlement and peacebuilding using empirical examples from a number of African countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Sudan, and South Sudan. Based on the analysis of the various case studies, the chapter argues that one of the greatest challenges of post-war recovery in Africa is how to counteract those who have used peacebuilding to revive neo-patrimonial accumulation, foster nepotism, and promote the sharing of the perquisites of public office.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations [UN], 1992). See also Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), The International Dialogue on Peace-Building and State-Building: Contribution by the Government of South Sudan (Juba, March 2010), http://www.oecd.org/countries/sudan/44924610.pdf (accessed 8 February 2016).

  2. 2.

    See Funmi Olonisakin, Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone: The Story of UNAMSIL (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008).

  3. 3.

    Achim Wennmann, The Political Economy of Peacemaking (London: Routledge, 2011), p. 8.

  4. 4.

    Richard A. Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Fall of the Second Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

  5. 5.

    Karen Ballentine and Heiko Nitzschke, “The Political Economy of Civil War and Conflict Transformation”, (Germany: Berghof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management, 2005), p. 15, http://www.berghoffoundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Dialogue_Chapters/dialogue3_ballentine_nitzschke.pdf (accessed 8 February 2016).

  6. 6.

    Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds.), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000); Michael L. Ross, The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

  7. 7.

    Paul Collier and Anke Hoefller, Greed and Grievance in Civil War (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/greedgrievance_23oct.pdf (accessed 10 June 2015); Ross, The Oil Curse.

  8. 8.

    Kwesi Aning and Samuel Atuobi, “The Neglected Economic Dimension of ECOWAS Negotiated Peace Accords in West Africa”, Africa Spectrum 46, no. 3 (2011), p. 30.

  9. 9.

    “Charles Taylor Guilty of Aiding Sierra Leone’s War Crimes”, BBC News, 26 April 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17852488 (accessed 23 August 2014). See also John M. Kabia, “Postcoloniality, Conflict Intervention and Peacebuilding in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges”, in Kenneth Omeje (ed.), The Crises of Postcoloniality in Africa (Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa [CODESRIA], 2015), pp. 103–122.

  10. 10.

    J.R. Mailey, The Anatomy of the Resource Curse: Predatory Investment in Africa’s Extractive Industries (Washington, DC: Africa Centre for Security Studies, 2015), p. 2.

  11. 11.

    Mailey, The Anatomy of the Resource Curse, p. 6.

  12. 12.

    Kenneth Omeje, “Strengthening Peace Research and Peace Education in African Universities”, African Sociological Review 19, no. 1 (2015), p. 24.

  13. 13.

    African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Youth and Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa, seminar report, Senior Policy Seminar XV, Kigali, 21–22 March 2013, p. 1.

  14. 14.

    Omeje, “Strengthening Peace Research and Peace Education in African Universities”, p. 24; AERC, Youth and Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 7.

  15. 15.

    International Labour Organisation (ILO), “World Employment and Social Outlook 2016: Trends for Youth”, press release, 24 August 2016, http://www.ilo.org/global/abouttheilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_513728/langen/index.htm (accessed 5 July 2017); and “Youth Unemployment Challenge Worsening in Africa”, 24 August 2016, p. 1, http://www.ilo.org/addisababa/mediacentre/pr/WCMS_514566/langen/index.htm (accessed 9 March 2017).

  16. 16.

    Omeje, “Strengthening Peace Research and Peace Education in African Universities”, pp. 24–27.

  17. 17.

    Ballentine and Nitzschke, “The Political Economy of Civil War”, p. 2.

  18. 18.

    Oliver Richmond, “Reclaiming Peace in International Relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 36, no. 3 (2008), pp. 439–470.

  19. 19.

    Devon Curtis, “The Contending Politics of Peacebuilding in Africa”, in Devon Curtis and Gwinyayi A. Dzinesa (eds.), Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012), p. 10.

  20. 20.

    Michael W. Doyle, “Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace”, American Political Science Review 99, no. 3 (2005), pp. 463–466.

  21. 21.

    Aning and Atuobi, “The Neglected Economic Dimension”, p. 33.

  22. 22.

    Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Liberia and the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) and the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) and Political Parties, Accra, 18 August 2003, part 8, art. 27, sec. 2(a), http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/liberia_08182003.pdf (accessed 10 June 2015).

  23. 23.

    Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone (RUF/SL), 1996, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/peace/SiL%2019961130.pdf (accessed 11 June 2015).

  24. 24.

    The Lomé Agreement: Peace Agreement Between the Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone, 7 July 1999.

  25. 25.

    See Ablam Benjamin Akoutou, Rike Sohn, Matthias Vogl, and Daniel Yeboah (eds.), “Understanding Regional Integration in West Africa: A Multi-Thematic and Comparative Analysis”, Paper no. 17 (Praia: West Africa Institute; and Bonn: Centre for European Integration Studies, 2014).

  26. 26.

    Linas-Marcoussis Agreement—Programme of the Government of National Reconciliation in Cote d’Ivoire, 2003, art. IV, paras. 1–2, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/cote_divoire_01242003en.pdf (accessed 16 June 2015).

  27. 27.

    Linas-Marcoussis Agreement, art. VIII, para. 1.

  28. 28.

    Being land-locked, South Sudan transports its crude oil through two pipelines that link the oil-producing fields in its south to Sudan’s Red Sea export terminal in Port Sudan. This arrangement dates back to 1999, before South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan in July 2011. See Kenneth Omeje, “Dangers of Splitting a Fragile Rentier State: Getting It Right in Southern Sudan”, Occasional Paper Series (Durban: African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes [ACCORD], Fall 2010), p. 18.

  29. 29.

    Global Witness, “Global Witness Highlights Oil Revenue Discrepancy Between North and South”, September 2009, http://www.sudanradio.org/global-witness-highlights-oil-revenue-discrepancy-betweennorth-and-south (accessed 20 June 2014).

  30. 30.

    Global Witness, “Global Witness Highlights Oil Revenue Discrepancy”.

  31. 31.

    AU Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework Agreement for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Region, 2013, http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/scanned-on-24022013-125543.pdf (accessed 18 June 2015).

  32. 32.

    Southern Africa Resource Watch (SARW), “Consultative Conference on Peace Agreements and Conflict Minerals in the DRC”, Kinshasa, 2–3 May 2013, pp. 6–10, http://www.sarwatch.org/sites/sarwatch.org/files/Publications_docs/drc_conference_english_for_web.pdf (accessed 18 June 2015). See also Mailey, The Anatomy of the Resource Curse, p. 7.

  33. 33.

    Julius Mutwal, Peace Agreements and Civil Wars in Africa: Insurgent Motivations, States Responses, and Third Party Peacemaking in Liberia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone (New York: Cambria, 2009).

  34. 34.

    Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Polity, 2006).

  35. 35.

    Konrad Huber, “Conflict Analysis in Peace Processes: Pitfalls and Potential Remedies”, in African Union (AU), Managing Peace Processes: A Handbook for AU Practitioners, vol. 1 (Addis Ababa, 2013), pp. 11–34.

  36. 36.

    Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poor Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 105–107.

  37. 37.

    Abdel-Fatau Musah, “Privatization of Security, Arms Proliferation, and the Process of State Collapse in Africa”, Development and Change 33, no. 5 (2002), p. 912.

  38. 38.

    Musah, “Privatization of Security”, p. 923.

  39. 39.

    Roger Annis, “France Launches War in Mali in Bid to Secure Resources, Stamp Out National Rights Struggles”, Global Research, 19 January 2013.

  40. 40.

    Macharia Munene, “Historical Perspectives on Security in Africa: The Refugee Problem”, in Jamila Abubakar, Kenneth Omeje, and Habu Galadima (eds.), Conflict of Securities: State and Human Security in Africa (London: Adonis and Abbey, 2010), pp. 101–107.

  41. 41.

    Carl A. LeVan, “Power-Sharing and Inclusive Politics in Africa’s Uncertain Democracies”, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 24, no. 1 (2011), http://carllevan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Governance-LeVan-power-sharing-2011.pdf (accessed 17 June 2015); John Perry and T. Debey Sayndee, African Truth Commissions and Transitional Justice (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015).

  42. 42.

    Government of the United States, “U.S. Human Rights Report Decries Corruption, Lack of Transparency in Liberia”, in 2012 Human Rights Report on Liberia, 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201304221656.html?viewall=1 (accessed 20 June 2015).

  43. 43.

    The New Dispensation, “Liberian Ruling Party Secretary General Admits to Nepotism and Corruption in Government”, 19 October 2012, http://thenewdispensation.com/2012/10/19/liberia-ruling-party-secretary-general-admits-to-nepotism-and-corruption-in-government (accessed 25 February 2016).

  44. 44.

    Liberian Listner, “Nepotism in Africa: Ellen Accused to Habored About17 Family Members in Govt.”, 19 February 2016, http://www.liberianlistener.com/2016/02/19/nepotism-in-africa-ellen-accused-to-habored-about17-family-members-in-govt (accessed 26 February 2016).

  45. 45.

    John Morlue, “John Morlue Discusses President Sirleaf, Trajectory of Liberian Politics”, New Liberia, 18 October 2012, http://newliberian.com/?p=1760#sthash.9a8diLjl.dpuf (accessed 20 June 2015).

  46. 46.

    Christopher Neyor, “Open Letter to President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf”, The Perspective, 13 June 2014, http://www.theperspective.org/2014/0616201402.php (accessed 19 June 2015). See also The Analyst, “I am Angry—Says Minister Tiawon Gongloe”, AllAfrica, 17 November 2010, http://allafrica.com/stories/201011190299.html (accessed 26 February 2016).

  47. 47.

    “Liberia’s Johnson Sirleaf Defiant over Nepotism and Corruption Claims”, The Guardian (London), 1 November 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/nov/01/liberia-johnson-sirleaf-nepotism-corruption (accessed 20 June 2015).

  48. 48.

    “Liberia’s Johnson Sirleaf Defiant”.

  49. 49.

    “Liberia’s Johnson Sirleaf Defiant”. For a list of some of those indicted by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) who hold or have previously held positions in the Liberian government, see Heritage, “Who Are Those Behind Liberia Purported War Crime List?”, AllAfrica, 14 March 2015, http://allafrica.com/stories/201503150107.html (accessed 26 February 2016).

  50. 50.

    Perry and Sayndee, African Truth Commissions and Transitional Justice.

  51. 51.

    Curtis, “The Contending Politics of Peacebuilding in Africa”, p. 12.

  52. 52.

    Thierry Tardy, “Funding Peace Operations: Better Value for EU Money”, Briefing Issue (Brussels: European Union Institute of Security Studies, November 2013), p. 2, http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_38_Funding_peace_operations.pdf (accessed 18 June 2015).

  53. 53.

    William Durch, “The Economic Impact of Peacekeeping: An Update”, 2009, http://www.xn--bundesheer-sterreich-ebc.net/pdf_pool/publikationen/eco_impacts_04_eco_impact_an_update_durch.pdf (accessed 15 June 2015).

  54. 54.

    Eric Mvukiyehe and Cyrus Samiiy, “Quantitative Impact Evaluation of the United Nations Mission in Liberia: Final Report”, 9 February 2010, http://www.columbia.edu/~enm2105/docs/unmil/unmil_final100209.pdf (accessed 16 June 2015); Ernst Brandon, Rajeev Sooreea, Gigi Gokcek, and Diara Spain, “The Economic Impacts of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Growth Versus Level Effects”, International Journal of Public Policy 10, nos. 1–3 (2014), pp. 100–117.

  55. 55.

    Office of the United Nations Secretary-General, “Guidance Note to Secretary-General: UN Approach to Transitional Justice”, March 2010, http://www.unrol.org/files/TJ_Guidance_Note_March_2010FINAL.pdf (accessed 15 June 2015); Anna Macdonald, “Local Understanding and Experiences of Transitional Justice: A Review of the Evidence” (London: Justice and Security Research Programme, London School of Economics, 2013), http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/JSRP/downloads/JSRP6-Macdonald.pdf (accessed 15 June 2015).

  56. 56.

    Perry and Sayndee, African Truth Commissions and Transitional Justice.

  57. 57.

    Oluwatoyin O. Oluwaniyi, “Post-Amnesty Programme in the Niger Delta: Challenges and Prospects”, Conflict Trends no. 4 (2011), pp. 46–54; Hinshaw Drew, “Nigeria’s Former Oil Bandits Now Collect Government Cash”, Wall Street Journal, 22 August 2012, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304019404577420160886588518 (accessed 18 June 2015).

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Omeje, K. (2018). The Political Economy of Peacebuilding in Africa. In: Karbo, T., Virk, K. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62202-6_16

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