Abstract
Due to their peculiarities, water and ground are treated as thermal sources, separately, in this chapter. In fact they need appropriate techniques and must comply with specific rules and standards. The type of used water can derive from waterways or, in any case, from surface waters, from underground and from process waste water. The heat exchange with ground is then dealt with and the main types of heat exchangers commonly utilized are described both in the case of the horizontal layout and in the vertical one (borehole heat exchangers).
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- 1.
As a rule of thumb we can estimate 150–200 l/h as the flow rate to employ for installed kW.
- 2.
Its value depends on the material employed for tubes and on the borehole depth.
References
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Grassi, W. (2018). The External Sources: Water and Ground. In: Heat Pumps. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62199-9_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62199-9_6
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