Abstract
This chapter seeks to investigate whether and to what extent Psychic Distance (PD) is considered by scholars as a specific determinant of inbound and outbound foreign direct investments (FDIs) in China . The key finding of the study is that psychic distance as a determinant influencing FDI seems to be under-investigated. This chapter also aims to systematize the limited and fragmented literature about non-tangible perceptions of “distance” between home and host economies and contributes to raising awareness on the concept of psychic distance. It provides useful insights and practical implications for various interest groups such as international business scholars (a more comprehensive review and systematization of the concept of psychic distance), managers (awareness raising on psychic distance, opportunities and challenges in the IB scenario, and setting up and strengthening long-term cooperation between Europe and China ), and policy makers (investment flows between Europe and China and key barriers which affect companies and require action politically and institutionally to ensure that opportunities are fully exploited by companies).
This paper has been previously published in the Journal of Comparative International Management: Vaccarini, K. (2015), “Psychic distance and FDI: The case of China ,” Journal of Comparative International Management, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1–23. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Comparative International Management.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Huda, N., & Karim, A. (2012). Factors affecting foreign direct investment in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector: An analysis across states. The Singapore Economic Review, 57(4), 1–14.
Ambos, B., & Håkanson, L. (2014). The concept of distance in international management research. Journal of International Management, 20(1), 1–7.
Amighini, A. A., Rabellotti, R., & Sanfilippo, M. (2013). Do Chinese state-owned and private enterprises differ in their internationalization strategies? China Economic Review, 27, 312–325.
Anderson, G., & Ge, Y. (2004). Do economic reforms accelerate urban growth? The case of China. Urban Studies, 41(11), 2197–2210.
Athukorala, P. C., & Waglé, S. (2011). Foreign direct investment in Southeast Asia: Is Malaysia falling behind? ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 28(2), 115–133.
Aulakh, P. S. (2007). Emerging multinationals from developing economies: Motivations, paths and performance. Journal of International Management, 13(3), 235–402.
Bartels, F. L., Napolitano, F., & Tissi, N. E. (2014). FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: A longitudinal perspective on location-specific factors (2003–2010). International Business Review, 23, 516–529.
Beckerman, W. (1956). Distance and the pattern of intra-European trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 38(31), 31–40.
Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2011). Individualism–collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(3), 436–445.
Brouthers, K. D., Brouthers, L. E., & Werner, S. (1996a). Dunning’s eclectic paradigm theory and the small firm: The impact of ownership and local advantages on the choice of entry modes in the computer software industry. International Business Review, 5(4), 337–394.
Brouthers, K. D., Brouthers, L. E., & Werner, S. (1996b). Is Dunning’s eclectic framework descriptive or normative? Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 831–844.
Brouthers, L. E., Brouthers, K. D., & Werner, S. (1999). Is Dunning’s eclectic framework descriptive or normative? Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 831–844.
Buckley, P. J., Cross, A. R., & Horn, S. A. (2012). Japanese foreign direct investment in India: An institutional theory approach. Business History, 54(5), 657–688.
Buckley, P.J., & Casson, M.C. (1976). The future of the multinational enterprise. London: Homes & Meier.
Chakrabarti, A. (2001). The determinants of foreign direct investments: Sensitivity analyses of cross-country regressions. Kyklos, 54(1), 89–114.
Chantasasawat, B., Fung, K. C., Iizaka, H., & Siu, A. (2004). The giant sucking sound: Is China diverting foreign direct investment from other Asian economies? Asian Economic Papers, 3(3), 122–140.
Chantasasawat, B., Fung, K. C., Iizaka, H., & Siu, A. (2010). FDI flows to Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, and China: Substitute or complements? Review of Development Economics, 14(3), 533–546.
Chen, H., & Chen, T.-J. (1998). Network linkages and location choice in foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), 445–467.
Chen, C. C., Chen, X.-P., & Huang, S. (2013). Chinese guanxi: An integrative review and new directions for future research. Management and Organization Review, 9(1), 167–207.
Chen, T.-J., Chen, H., & Ku, Y.-H. (2004). Foreign direct investment and local linkages. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 320–333.
Cheng, Y.-M. (2006). Determinants of FDI mode choice: Acquisition, brownfield, and greenfield entry in foreign markets. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences Review, 23(3), 202–220.
Cheng, L. K., & Kwan, Y. K. (2000). What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience. Journal of International Economics, 51, 379–400.
Child, J., Rodrigues, S. B., & Frynas, J. G. (2009). Psychic distance, its impact and coping modes: Interpretations of SMEs decision-makers. Management International Review, 49(2), 199–224.
Coase, R. H. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica. New Series, 4(16), 386–405.
Coughlin, C. C., & Segev, E. (2000). Foreign direct investment in China: A spatial econometric study. The World Economy, 3(1), 1–23.
Cushman, D. O. (1985). Real exchange rate risk, expectations and the level of direct investment. Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), 297–308.
Dow, D., & Karunaratna, A. (2006). Developing a multidimensional instrument to measure psychic distance stimuli. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5), 578–602.
Drogendijk, R., & Slangen, A. (2006). Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of different cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises. International Business Review, 15, 361–380.
Dunning, J. H. (1980). Toward an eclectic theory of international production: Some empirical tests. Journal of International Business Studies, 11(1), 9–31.
Dunning, J. H. (1993). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Harlow: Addison-Wesley.
Dunning, J. H. (2000). The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity. International Business Review, 9, 163–190.
Dunning, J. H. (2009). Location and the multinational enterprise: John Dunning’s thoughts on receiving the journal of international business studies 2008 decade award. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 20–34.
Dunning, J. H., & Bansal, S. (1997). The cultural sensitivity of the eclectic paradigm. Multinational Business Review, 5(1), 1–16.
Dunning, J. H., Pak, Y. S., & Beldona, S. (2007). Foreign ownership strategies of UK and US international franchisors: An exploratory application of Dunning’s envelope paradigm. International Business Review, 16, 531–548.
Evans, J., Treadgold, A., & Mavondo, F. (2000). Explaining export development through psychic distance. International Marketing Review, 17(2), 164–169.
Ferreira, M. P., Pinto, C. F., Serra, F. A. R., & Gaspar, L. F. (2011). John Dunning’s influence in international business/strategy research: A bibliometric study in the strategic management journal. Journal of Strategic Management Education, 7(2), 77–99.
Forsgren, M. (2002). The concept of learning in the Uppsala internationalization process model: A critical review. International Business Review, 11,(3) 257–277.
Fung, K. C., Garcia-Herrero, A., Iizaka, H., & Siu, A. (2005). Hard or soft? Institutional reforms and infrastructure spending as determinants of foreign direct investment in China. The Japanese Economic Review, 56(4), 408–416.
Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance still matters. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 137–147.
Gomez-Mejia, L., & Polick, L. (1997). Cultural diversity and the performance of multinational firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2), 309–335.
Grosse, R., & Trevino, L. J. (1996). Foreign direct investment in the United States: An analysis by country of origin. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(1), 139–155.
Gruber, W. H., & Vernon, R. (1970). The technology factor in a world trade matrix. In R. Vernon (Ed.), The Technology Factor in International Trade (pp. 233–272). New York: Columbia University Press for National Bureau of Economic Research.
Guisinger, S. (2001). From OLI to OLMA: Incorporating higher levels of environmental and structural complexity into the eclectic paradigm. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 257–272.
Hashim, F. (2012). Outward internationalization and FDI: Motives for Malaysian MNEs moving into China. Review of Business and Finance Studies, 3(2), 89–102.
Heiner, R. (1985). Origins of predictive behavior: Further modeling applications. American Economics Review, 75(2), 391–396.
Hennart, J. F. (1982). A theory of multinational enterprise. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Hennart, J. F., & Larimo, J. (1998). The impact of culture on the strategy of multinational enterprises: Does national origin affect ownership decisions? Journal of International Business Studies, 29, 515–538.
Henderson, J. K. (2005). Language diversity in international management teams. International Studies of Management and Organization, 35(1), 66–82.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hong, J. (2007). Firm-specific effects on location decisions of foreign direct investment in China’s logistics industry. Regional Studies, 41(5), 673–683.
Hong, M., & Chen, L. S. (2001). Quantitative and dynamic analysis of the OLI variables determining FDI in China. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 13(2), 163–172.
Hosseini, H. (2005). An economic theory of FDI: A behavioural economics and historical approach. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 34, 528–541.
Hymer, S. H. (1960). The international operation of national firms: A study of direct investment. M.I.T Ph.D. dissertation, Published by M.I.T. Press in 1976.
Iwasaki, I., & Suganuma, K. (2005). Regional distribution of foreign direct investment in Russia. Post-Communist Economies, 17(2), 153–172.
Jalali, S., & Wohlin, C. (2012). Systematic literature studies: Database searches vs. Backward snowballing. In International Conference on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, ESEM’12, September 19–20, 2012, Lund, Sweden. http://www.wohlin.eu/esem12a.pdf. Accessed Apr 2017.
Jajri, I. (2009). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: Cointegration techniques. The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics, 3(4), 7–18.
Jiang, F. (2006). The determinants of the effectiveness of foreign direct investment in China: An empirical study of joint and sole ventures. International Journal of Management, 23(4), 891–908.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8, 23–32.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411–1431.
Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim‐Paul, F. (1975). The internationalization of the firm—four Swedish cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305–323.
Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 411–432.
Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 308–324.
Langhammer, R. J. (1991). Towards regional entities in Asia-Pacific. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 7(3), 277–289.
Leamer, E. E. (1974). The commodity composition of international trade in manufactures: An empirical analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 26(3), 350–374.
Lenartowicz, T., & Roth, K. (1999). A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 781–798.
Li, X., Hou, K., & Chan, M. W. L. (2008). An empirical study of foreign direct investment location in Eastern China. The Chinese Economy, 41(6), 75–98.
Liao, H., Liu, X., & Wang, C. (2012). Knowledge spillovers, absorptive capacity and total factor productivity in China’s manufacturing firms. International Review of Applied Economics, 26(4), 533–547.
Linnemann, H. (1966). An econometric study of international trade flows. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing.
Luiz, J. M., & Ruplal, M. (2013). Foreign direct investment, institutional voids, and the internationalization of mining companies into Africa. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 49(4), 113–129.
Luo, Y., & Shenkar, O. (2011). Toward a perspective of cultural friction in international business. Journal of International Management, 17(1), 1–14.
Ma, Z., Yang, R., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Australia’s direct investment in China: Trends and determinants. Economic Papers, 27(1), 70–86.
Markusen, J. (1995). The boundaries of multinational enterprises and the theory of international trade. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2), 169–191.
Mathews, J. A. (2006). Dragon multinationals: New players in 21st century globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(5), 5–27.
McDougall, P., & Oviatt, B. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 537–554.
North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
O’Grady, S., & Lane, H. (1996). The psychic distance paradox. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(2), 309–333.
Parmentola, A. (2011). The internationalization strategy of new Chinese multinationals: Determinants and evolution. International Journal of Management, 28(1), 369–386.
Ramasamy, B. (2003). FDI and uncertainty: The Malaysian case. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 8(1), 85–101.
Roth, K., & O’Donnell, S. O. (1996). Foreign subsidiary compensation: An agency theory perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 678–703.
Rottig, D., & Reus, T. H. (2009). Institutional distance, organizational legitimacy, and the performance of foreign acquisitions in the united states. In Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings (pp. 1–6). Chicago: Academy of Management Proceedings.
Samuelson, P. (1948). International trade and the equalization of factor prices. Economic Journal, 58, 163–184.
Sanfilippo, M. (2010). Chinese FDI to Africa: What is the nexus with foreign economic cooperation? African Development Review, 22(1), 599–614.
Scott, W. R. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shenkar, O. (2001). Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(4), 519–535.
Spigarelli, F. (2009). Le multinazionali dei paesi emergenti: Gli investimenti cinesi in Italia (MNEs from emerging countries: Chinese investment in Italy. With English summary). Economia Politica e Industriale, 36(2), 131–159.
Spigarelli, F. (2010). Chinese investments in Italy: Is the wave arriving? International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management, 1(1), 54–76.
Stoian, C., & Filippaios, F. (2008). Dunning’s eclectic paradigm: A holistic, yet context specific framework for analyzing the determinants of outward FDI evidence from international Greek investments. International Business Review, 17, 349–367.
Stöttinger, B., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2000). Psychic distance: A concept past its due date? International Marketing Review, 17(2), 169–173.
Tse, D. K., Pan, Y., & Au, K. Y. (1997). How MNCs choose entry modes and form alliances: The China experience. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), 779–805.
UNCTAD. (2014, January 28). Global investment trends monitor, No. 15, New York: United Nations.
Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 190–207.
Villaverde, J., & Maza, A. (2012). Chinese per capita income distribution, 1992–2007: A regional perspective. Asian Economic Journal, 26(4), 313–331.
Vintila, D. (2010). Foreign direct investment theories: An overview of the main FDI theories. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 104–110.
Walters, P. G. P. (1996). International market information infusion: Data acquisition behavior in Norwegian Exporters. International Journal of Information Management, 16(6), 437–444.
Wei, W., & Alon, I. (2010). Chinese outward direct investment: A study on macroeconomic determinants. International Journal and Emerging Markets, 2(4), 352–369.
Xiaojuan, J., Yingxin, W., & Laike, Y. (2004). A study of the gradual shift of foreign investment. The Chinese Economy, 37(5), 19–36.
Xu, D., & Shenkar, O. (2002). Institutional distance and the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 608–618.
Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 341–363.
Zhang, K. H. (2000). Why is U.S. direct investment in China so small? Contemporary Economic Policy, 18(1), 82–94.
Zhang, K. H. (2001a). China’s inward FDI boom and the greater Chinese economy. The Chinese Economy, 34(1), 74–88.
Zhang, K. H. (2001b). What attracts foreign multinational corporations to China? Contemporary Economic Policy, 19(3), 336–346.
Zhao, S. X. B., & Zhang, L. (2007). Foreign direct investment and the formation of global city regions in China. Regional Studies, 14(7), 979–994.
Zheng, P. (2011). The determinants of disparities in inward FDI flows to the three macro-regions of China. Post-Communist Economies, 23(2), 257–270.
Zihui, M., Ruilong, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Australia’s direct investment in China: Trends and determinants. Economic Papers, 27, 70–86.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vaccarini, K., Spigarelli, F., Tavoletti, E., Lattemann, C. (2017). Psychic Distance and FDI: The Case of China. In: Cultural Distance in International Ventures. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62193-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62193-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62192-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62193-7
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)