Skip to main content

Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Abstract

Depending on the protocol used, some or all of the paranasal sinuses may be visible within the imaging field-of-view when CBCT is used for dental purposes. Correct interpretation therefore necessitates a knowledge of paranasal sinus anatomy and an understanding of the clinical significance of anatomical variants and pathologies (see Chap. 29).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • April MM, Zinreich SJ, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM (1993) Coronal CT scan abnormalities in children with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 103:985–990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arıncı K, Elhan A (1997) Anatomi, 2nd edn. Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolger W, Butzin C, Parsons D (1991) Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 101:56–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolger WE, Woodruff WW, Morehead J, Parsons DS (1990) Maxillary sinus hypoplasia: classification and description of associated uncinate process hypoplasia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 103:759–765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brüllmann DD, Schmidtmann I, Hornstein S, Schulze RK (2012) Correlation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings in the maxillary sinus with dental diagnoses: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig 16:1023–1029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cakur B, Sümbüllü MA, Yılmaz AB (2011) A retrospective analysis of sphenoid sinus hypoplasia and agenesis using dental volumetric CT in Turkish individuals. Diagn Interv Radiol 17:205–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cashman EC, MacMahon PJ, Smyth D (2011) Computed tomography scans of paranasal sinuses before functional endoscopic sinus surgery. World J Radiol 3:199–204

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chong VF, Fan YF, Lau DP, Chee LW, Nguyen TM, Sethi DS (2000) Imaging the sphenoid sinus: pictorial essay. Australas Radiol 44:143–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doty RL, Mishra A (2001) Olfaction and its alteration by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 111:409–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Earwaker J (1993) Anatomic variants in sinonasal CT. Radiographics 13:381–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geraghty JJ, Dolan KD (1989) Computed tomography of the hypoplastic maxillary sinus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98:916–918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid O, El Fiky L, Hassan O, Kotb A, El Fiky S (2008) Anatomic variations of the sphenoid sinus and their impact on trans-sphenoid pituitary surgery. Skull Base 18:9–15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann T, Friedrich RE, Wedl JS, Schmelzle R (2001) Pneumatization of the zygomatic arch on pantomography. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 5:173–179. (German)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalavagunta S, Reddy KT (2003) Extensive maxillary sinus pneumatization. Rhinology 41:113–117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamburoglu K, Kursun S, Akarslan ZZ (2011) Dental students’ knowledge and attitudes towards cone beam computed tomography in Turkey. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 40:439–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kantarci M, Karasen RM, Alper F, Onbas O, Okur A, Karaman A (2004) Remarkable anatomic variations in paranasal sinus region and their clinical importance. Eur J Radiol 50:96–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayalioglu G, Oyar O, Govsa F (2000) Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus bony variations: a computed tomographic study. Rhinology 38:108–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keros P (1962) On the practical value of differences in the level of the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol 41:809–813

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilic C, Kamburoglu K, Yuksel S, Ozen T (2010) An assessment of the relationship between the maxillary sinus floor and the maxillary posterior teeth root tips using dental cone-beam computerized tomography. Eur J Dent 4:462–467

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lana JP, Carneiro PMR, Machado VC, de Souza PEA, Manzi FR, Horta MCR (2012) Anatomic variations and lesions of the maxillary sinus detected in cone beam computed tomography for dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 23:1398–1403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang J (1989) Clinical anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerdlum S, Vachiranubhap B (2005) Prevalence of anatomic variation demonstrated on screening sinus computed tomography and clinical correlation. J Med Assoc Thail 88(Suppl 4):110–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Maillet M, Bowles WR, McClanahan SL, John MT, Ahmad M (2011) Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of maxillary sinusitis. J Endod 37:753–757

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Midilli R, Aladag G, Erginoz E, Karci B, Savas R (2005) Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinuses detected by computed tomography and the relationship between variations and sex. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 14:49–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muranjan S (1999) Special issue on sinusitis & it’s management. Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Bombay Hospital J 41(4):619–622. http://www.bhj.org/journal/1999_4104_oct99/special_toc.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitinavakarn B (2005) Anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses. J Med Assoc Thail 88:763–768

    Google Scholar 

  • Orhan K, Seker BK, Aksoy S, Bayindir H, Berberoglu A, Seker E (2013) CBCT evaluation of maxillary sinus septa prevalence, height, location and morphology in children and an adult population. Med Princ Pract 22:47–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orhan K, Delilbasi C, Orhan AI (2006) Radiographic evaluation of pneumatized articular eminence in a group of Turkish children. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 35:365–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pazera P, Bornstein MM, Pazera A, Sendi P, Katsaros C (2011) Incidental maxillary sinus findings in orthodontic patients: a radiographic analysis using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Orthod Craniofac Res 14:17–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Piñas I, Sabate J, Carmona A, Catalina-Herrera CJ, Jiménez-Castellanos J (2000) Anatomical variations in the human paranasal sinus region studied by CT. J Anat 197(Pt 2):221–227

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phothikhun S, Suphanantachat S, Chuenchompoonut V, Nisapakultorn K (2012) Cone beam computed tomographic evidence of the association between periodontal bone loss and mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus. J Periodontol 83(5):557–564. doi:10.1902/jop.2011.110376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pommer B, Ulm C, Lorenzoni M, Palmer R, Watzek G, Zechner W (2012) Prevalence, location and morphology of maxillary sinus septa: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 39:769–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter L, Lutz J, Neugebauer J, Scheer M, Dreiseidler T, Zinser MJ, Rothamel D, Mischkowski RA (2011) Prevalence of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus in cone-beam computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 111:634–640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savvateeva DM, Güldner C, Murthum T, Bien S, Teymoortash A, Werner JA, Bremke M (2010) Digital volume tomography (DVT) measurements of the olfactory cleft and olfactory fossa. Acta Otolaryngol 130:398–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • She R, Szakacs J (2004) Hyperostosis frontalis interna: case report and review of literature. Ann Clin Lab Sci 34:206–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Wessell AP, Anand VK, Schwartz TH (2011) Surgical anatomy and physiology for the skull base surgeon. Oper Tech Otolaryngol 22:184–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirikçi A, Bayazit Y, Gümüsburun E, Bayram M, Kanlikana M (2000) A new approach to the classification of maxillary sinus hypoplasia with relevant clinical implications. Surg Radiol Anat 22:243–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KD, Edwards PC, Saini TS, Norton NS (2010) The prevalence of concha bullosa and nasal septal deviation and their relationship to maxillary sinusitis by volumetric tomography. Int J Dent. doi:10.1155/2010/404982

  • Smith TD, Siegel MI, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Todhunter JS (1997) Formation and enlargement of the paranasal sinuses in normal and cleft lip and palate human fetuses. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 34:483–489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snell RS (1995) Clinical anatomy, 5th edn. Little Brown and Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stallman J (2004) The incidence of concha bullosa and its relationship to nasal septal deviation and paranasal sinus diseases. Am J Neuroradiol 25:1613–1618

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stammberger HR, Kennedy DW (1995) Paranasal sinuses: anatomic terminology and nomenclature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 167:7–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan HM, Chong V (2001) CT of the paranasal sinuses normal anatomy, variation and pathology. CME Radiology 2:120–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Tao Y, Gao Q, Cui Y (1998) The evaluation of paranasal sinus coronal CT scanning in endoscopic sinus surgery. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 12(8):346

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AS (1910) An inquiry into the anatomy and pathology of the maxillary sinus. J Anat Physiol 44:354–369

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vallo J, Suominen-Taipale L, Huumonen S, Soikkonen K, Norblad A (2010) Prevalence of mucosal abnormalities of the maxillary sinus and their relationship to dental disease in panoramic radiography: results from the health 2000 health examination survey. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 109:e80–e87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vartanian AJ. CT scan, paranasal sinuses. Updated 11 May 2010. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/875244-overview

  • Vogiatzi T, Kloukos D, Scarfe WC, Bornstein MM (2014) Incidence of anatomical variations and disease of the maxillary sinuses as identified by cone beam computed tomography: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 29:1301–1314. doi:10.11607/jomi.3644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Bidari S, Inoue K, Yang H, Rhoton A Jr (2010) Extensions of the sphenoid sinus: a new classification. Neurosurgery 66:797–816

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • William EB (1991) Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngocope 101:56–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousem DM (1993) Imaging of sinonasal inflammatory disease. Radiology 188:303–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinreich S, Albayram S, Benson M, Oliverio P (2003) The ostiomeatal complex and functional endoscopic surgery. In: Som P (ed) Head and neck imaging, 4th edn. Mosby, St Louis, pp 149–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinreich SJ (1998) Functional anatomy and computed tomography imaging of the paranasal sinuses. Am J Med Sci 316:2–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kivanç Kamburoğlu D.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D., B.P.A. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kamburoğlu, K. et al. (2018). Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses. In: Scarfe, W., Angelopoulos, C. (eds) Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62061-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62061-9_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62059-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62061-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics