Abstract
The transnational independent learner has become the new hero of the European learning space. In order to describe the mode of existence of the independent learner, an analysis in terms of deinstitutionalization falls short. Such analysis focuses on what disappeared but easily loses out of sight what comes instead. Especially in the case of the independent learner, the risk is taking the proclaimed ambition of liberation and emancipation of the learner from institutional settings for real. The person of the learner is not just what simply appears when the student is liberated from national and institutional frames. It is the carefully measured, calculated, monitored and framed architecture of new learning spaces that allow for recognizing oneself as a person, that is, as someone with specific learning needs. The need for authorization and recognition is part of the learner’s ontological make-up and means that the learner’s mode of existence is susceptible to verification, calculation and tracing. It is argued that this is the present-day manifestation of what Foucault termed as the ‘double bind’; what turns someone into an independent learner is subjecting her at once to governmental intervention.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acclaim. (2013). Open badges for higher education. Accessible at: http://www.pearsoned.com/wp-content/uploads/Open-Badges-for-Higher-Education.pdf
Arendt, H. (1968/1983). Between past and future. Eight exercises in political thought. New York: Penguin.
Berlin Communiqué. (2003). Realising the European Higher Education Area. Communiqué of ministers responsible for higher education, Berlin, 19-09-2003.
Bologna Working Group. (2005). A framework for qualifications of the European Higher Education Area. Bologna working group report on qualifications frameworks. Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation: Copenhagen.
Cheney-Lippold, J. (2011). A new algorithmic identity soft biopolitics and the modulation of control. Theory, Culture & Society, 28(6), 164–181.
Crary, J. (2014). 24/7: Late capitalism and the ends of sleep. London: Verso.
Decuypere, M., Ceulemans, C., & Simons, M. (2014). Schools in the making. Mapping digital spaces of evidence. Journal of Education Policy, 29(5), 617–639.
Desrosières, A. (2002). The politics of large numbers: A history of statistical reasoning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Dewey, J. (1927/1954). The public and its problems. New York: Holt.
Dreyfus, H., & Rabinow, P. (1982). Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. Brighton: Harvester.
ECTS User’s Guide. (2005). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2005.
ECTS Users’ Guide. (2015). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015.
Edwards, R. (2002). Mobilizing lifelong learning: Governmentality in educational practices. Journal of Education Policy, 17(1), 353–365.
ESG. (2015). Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area (approved by the Ministerial Conference in May 2015). Accessible at: https://revisionesg.wordpress.com/
European Commission. (2001). Making a European area of lifelong learning a reality. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission. (2008). Explaining the European qualifications framework for lifelong learning. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
European Commission. (2012). Rethinking education: Investing in skills for better socio-economic outcomes. Communication from the Commission (20.11.2012 COM(2012) 669). Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission. (2013). Opening up education: Innovative teaching and learning for all through new technologies and Open Educational Resources. Communication from the Commission (COM (2013) 654 final). Brussels: European Commission.
Foucault, M. (1982). Le sujet et le pouvoir. In D. Defert, F. Ewald, & J. Lagrange (Eds.), Dits et écrits IV 1980–1988 (pp. 222–243). Paris: Gallimard.
Foucault, M. (1984). À propos de la généalogie de l’éthique : un aperçu du travail en cours. In D. Defert, F. Ewald, & J. Lagrange (Eds.), Dits et écrits IV 1980–1988 (pp. 383–411). Paris: Gallimard.
Foucault, M. (2000). Interview with Michel Foucault. In M. Foucault, Power (Ed. By J.D. Faubion. Transl. By R. Hurley et al.) Essential Works of Foucault (Vol. III, pp. 239–297). New York/London, Penguin.
Hacking, I. (1995). The looping effects of human kinds. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate (pp. 351–383). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hacking, I. (2002). Inaugural lecture: Chair of philosophy and history of scientific concepts at the Collège de France, 16 January 2001. Economy and Society, 31, 1–14.
ISP. (n.d.). Individual study programme. Leuven: KU Leuven. Accessible at: https://www.kuleuven.be/english/education/studyroute/isp Leuven
Latour, B. (2005). From realpolitik to Dingpolitik or how to make things public. In B. Latour & P. Wiebel (Eds.), Making things public. Atmospheres of democracy (pp. 14–41). Karlsruhe: ZKM & MIT Press.
Lawn, M. (2011). Standardizing the European education policy space. European Educational Research Journal, 10(2), 259–272.
LED. (n.d.). Leer- en Ervaringsbewijzendatabank [Learning and experience certificate database]. Accessible at: http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/led/index.htm
Lyotard, J.-F. (1979). La condition postmoderne. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
Open Badges Mozilla. (n.d.). About: Get recognition for learning that happens anywhere. Then share it on the places that matter. Accessible at: http://openbadges.org/about/
Readings, B. (1996). The university in ruins. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rose, N. (1999). The powers of freedom. Reframing political thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rouvroy, A., & Berns, T. (2013). Gouvernementalité algorithmique et perspectives d’émancipation. Réseaux, 117(1), 163–196.
Ruskoff. (2013). Present shock: When everything happens now. New York: Now. Current.
Simon, B. (2005). The return of Panopticism: Supervision, subjection and the new surveillance. Surveillance & Society, 3(1), 1–20.
Simons, M. (2014). Governing through feedback: From national orientation towards global positioning. In T. Fenwick, E. Mangez, & J. Ozga (Eds.), World yearbook of education 2014: Governing knowledge: Comparison, knowledge-based technologies and expertise in the regulation of education (pp. 155–171). London: Routledge.
Simons, M. (2015). Governing education without reform: The power of the example. Discourse Studies in Cultural Politics of Education, 36(5), 712–731.
Simons, M., Masschelein, J., & Quaghebeur, K. (2005). The ethos of critical research and the idea of a coming research community. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 37(6), 817–832.
Stengers, I. (2013). Une autre science est possible. Manifeste pour un ralentissement des sciences. Paris: La Découverte.
Virilio, P. (2010). The university of disaster. Cambridge: Polity.
Williamson, B. (2015). Algorithmic skin: Health-tracking technologies, personal analytics and the biopedagogies of digitized health and physical education. Sport, Education and Society, 20(1), 133–151.
Young, M. (2010). Alternative educational futures for a knowledge society. European Educational Research Journal, 9(1), 1–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simons, M. (2018). Refiguring the European Student: Mixed Transnational Feelings. In: Hultqvist, E., Lindblad, S., Popkewitz, T. (eds) Critical Analyses of Educational Reforms in an Era of Transnational Governance. Educational Governance Research, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61971-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61971-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61969-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61971-2
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)