Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Issues in Dementia Assessment Methods

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neuropsychological Assessments of Dementia in Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disabilities

  • 926 Accesses

Abstract

Dementia assessment in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) is a challenging task, but past work by clinicians and researchers has improved diagnostic accuracy. Diagnostic criteria were outlined [1] and found to be feasible and useful [2–4]. Gradations from mild to major neurocognitive disorders were identified and found to affect dementia prevalence figures [5–7]. A battery of tests was proposed to identify significant declines [8, 9]. Ongoing investigations examined the sensitivity and specificity of tests from the proposed battery and additional alternative batteries [2, 3, 6, 10–25]. The purpose of this chapter is to outline and discuss general issues and factors that can affect dementia assessment either directly or indirectly [3, 11, 26]. Such issues are important to consider when evaluating tests for clinical and research purposes. As indicated in Table 2.1, a discussion of general theoretical issues will be followed by a more specific discussion of methodological issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The term mild neurocognitive disorder will be used in this chapter to be consistent with DSM V terminology and to avoid selection of one of many terms used in research literature (e.g., mild cognitive impairment (MCI), possible dementia, probable dementia). The term dementia will be used instead of major neurocognitive disorder as it has been consistently used in the literature.

References

  1. Aylward EH, Burt DB, Thorpe LU, et al. Diagnosis of dementia in individuals with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1997;41:152–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ball SL, Holland AJ, Huppert FA, et al. The modified CAMDEX informant interview is a valid and reliable tool for use in the diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2004;48:611–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Burt DB, Primeaux-Hart S, Loveland KA, et al. Comparing dementia diagnostic methods used with people with intellectual disabilities. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2005;2:94–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Holland AJ, Hon J, Huppert FA, et al. Incidence and course of dementia in people with Down’s syndrome: findings from a population-based study. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2000;44:138–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Krinsky-McHale SJ, Silverman W. Dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults with intellectual disability: issues of diagnosis. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2013;18:31–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. McCarron M, McCallion P, Reilly E, et al. A prospective 14-year longitudinal follow-up of dementia in persons with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2014;58:61–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Silverman WP, Zigman WB, Krinsky-McHale SJ, et al. Intellectual disability, mild cognitive impairment, and risk for dementia. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2014;10:245–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Burt DB, Aylward E. Test battery for the diagnosis of dementia in individuals with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2000;44:175–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Burt DB, Aylward E. Test battery for the diagnosis of dementia in individuals with intellectual disability. Washington: American Association on Mental Retardation; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ball SL, Holland AJ, Hon J, et al. Personality and behaviour changes mark the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down’s syndrome: findings from a prospective population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:661–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Burt DB, Primeaux-Hart S, Loveland KA, et al. Tests and medical conditions associated with dementia diagnosis. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2005;2:47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Devenny DA, Krinsky-McHale SJ, Sersen G, et al. Sequence of cognitive decline in dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2000;44:654–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kalsy S, McQuillan S, Adams D, et al. A proactive psychological screening strategy for dementia in adults with Down syndrome: preliminary description of service use and evaluation. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2005;2:116–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kay DW, Tyrer SP, Margallo-Lana ML, et al. Preliminary evaluation of a scale to assess cognitive function in adults with down syndrome: the Prudhoe cognitive function test. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2003;47:155–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Prasher VP. Dementia questionnaire for persons with mental retardation (DMR). Modified criteria for adults with Down’s syndrome. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 1997;10:54–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Prasher VP. Macrocytosis: a peripheral marker for dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In: Prasher V, editor. Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease, biological correlates. Oxon: Radcliffe Publishing; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sano M, Aisen PS, Dalton AJ, et al. Assessment of aging individuals with Down syndrome in clinical trials: results of baseline measures. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2005;2:126–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Shultz J, Aman M, Kelbley T, et al. Evaluation of screening tools for dementia in older adults with mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard. 2004;109:98–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Silverman W, Schupf N, Zigman W, et al. Dementia in adults with mental retardation: Assessment at a single point in time. Am J Ment Retard. 2004;109:111–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Palmer GA. Neuropsychological profiles of persons with mental retardation and dementia. Res Dev Disabil. 2006;27:299–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Visser FE, Aldenkamp AP, van Huffelen AC, et al. Prospective study of the prevalence of Alzheimer-type dementia in institutionalized individuals with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 1997;101:400–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nelson LD, Orme D, Osann K, et al. Neurological changes and emotional functioning in adults with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2001;45:450–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. De Vreese LP, Gomiero M, Uberti E, et al. Functional abilities and cognitive decline in adult and aging intellectual disabilities. Psychometric validation of an Italian version of the Alzheimer’s Functional Assessment Tool (AFAST): analysis of its clinical significance with linear statistics and artificial neural networks. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2015;59:370–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zeilinger EL, Stiehl KAM, Weber G. A systematic review on assessment instruments for dementia in persons with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34:3962–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zigman WB, Schupf N, Devenny DA, et al. Incidence and prevalence of dementia in elderly adults with mental retardation without Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 2004;109:126–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. British Psychological Association. Dementia and people with ID. 2015. http://www.bps.org.uk/system/files/Public%20files/rep77_dementia_and_id.pdf.

  27. Burt DB, Primeaux-Hart S, Loveland KA, et al. Aging in adults with intellectual disabilities. Am J Ment Retard. 2005;110:268–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Busch A, Beail N. Risk factors for dementia in people with Down syndrome: issues in assessment and diagnosis. Am J Ment Retard. 2004;109:83–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Holland AJ, Hon J, Huppert F, et al. Population-based study of the prevalence and presentation of dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:493–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Burt DB, Aylward EH. Assessment methods for diagnosis of dementia. In: Janicki M, Dalton A, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dalton AJ, Crapper-McLachlan DR. Incidence of memory deterioration in aging persons with Down’s syndrome. In: Berg JM, editor. Perspectives and progress in mental retardation, Vol. 2. biomedical aspects. Austin, TX: PRO-ED; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hewitt KE, Carter G, Jancar J. Ageing in Down’s syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;147:58–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Evenhuis HM. The natural history of dementia in Down’s syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:263–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lai F, Williams RS. A prospective study of Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:849–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gedye A. Neuroleptic-induced dementia documented in four adults with mental retardation. Ment Retard. 1998;36:182–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Burt DB. Dementia and depression. In: Janicki M, Dalton A, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Thorpe LU. Psychiatric disorders. In: Janicki M, Dalton A, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tsiouris JA. Psychotropic medications. In: Janicki M, Dalton A, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zigman WB, Schupf N, Urv T, et al. Incidence and temporal patterns of adaptive behavior change in adults with mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard. 2002;107:161–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatry Res. 1975;12:189–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Li RSY, Kwok HWM, Deb S, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the dementia screening questionnaire for individuals with intellectual disabilities (DSQIID-CV). J Intellect Disabil Res. 2015;59:385–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Nagdee M. Dementia in intellectual disability: a review of diagnostic challenges. Afr J Psychiatry. 2011;14:194–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Prasher VP, Sachdeva N, Tarrant N. Diagnosing dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2015;5:249–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sabbagh M, Edgin J. Clinical assessment of cognitive decline in adults with Down syndrome. Current Alz Res. 2016;13:30–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dalton AJ, Fedor BL. Onset of dyspraxia in aging persons with Down syndrome: longitudinal studies. J Intellect Develop Disabil. 1998;23:13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Urv T, Zigman WB, Silverman W. Psychiatric symptoms in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2010;115:265–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gedye A. Dementia scale for down syndrome. Manual. Vancouver: Gedye Research and Consulting; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Evenhuis HM, Kengen MMF, Eurlings HAL. Dementia questionnaire for mentally retarded persons. Zwannerdam: Hooge Burch Institute for Mentally Retarded People; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Janicki M, Dalton A, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Strydom A, Hassiotis A. Diagnostic instruments for dementia in older people with intellectual disability in clinical practice. Aging Ment Health. 2003;7:432–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Evenhuis HM, Kengen MMF, Eurlings HA. Dementie Vragenlijst voor Verstandelijk Gehandicapten (DVZ). Tweede, geheel gewijzigde druk. Amsterdam: Harcourt Test Publishers; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Evenhuis HM, Kengen MMF, Eurlings HAL. Dementia questionnaire for persons with intellectual disabilities (DMR). Amsterdam: Harcourt Test Publishers; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Cooper SA, Ademola T, Caslake M, et al. Towards onset prevention of cognition decline in adults with Down syndrome (the TOP-COG study): a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:370. doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1370-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Devenny DA, Zimmerli EJ, Kittle P, et al. Cued recall in early-stage dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46:472–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kittler P, Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA. Verbal intrusions precede memory decline in adults with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50:1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA, Silverman WP. Changes in explicit memory associated with early dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46:198–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA, Kittler PK, et al. Assessing selective attention deficits in adults with DS and DAT. In: Paper presented at the 38th Annual Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Annapolis, MD, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Prasher V, Farooq A, Holder R. The Adaptive Behaviour Questionnaire (ABDQ): screening questionnaire for dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil. 2004;25:385–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Urv TK, Zigman WB, Silverman W. Maladaptive behaviors related to adaptive decline in aging adults with mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard. 2003;108:327–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hanney M, Prasher V, Williams N, et al. Memantine for dementia in adults older than 40 years with Down’s syndrome (MEADOWS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379:528–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Acquilano JP. Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Minneapolis: Capella University; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Acquilano JP, Davidson PW, Henderson CM et al. Functional skills and health status in older persons with intellectual disabilities. In: Paper presented at the 13th Annual Roundtable of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities, Volos, Greece, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chicoine B, McGuire D, Hebein S, et al. Development of a clinic for adults with Down syndrome. Ment Retard. 1994;32:100–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chicoine B, McGuire D, Rubin S. Specialty clinic perspectives. In: Janicki MP, Dalton AJ, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Davidson PW, Janicki MP, Ladrigan P, et al. Associations between behavior disorders and health status among older adults with intellectual disability. Aging Ment Health. 2003;7:424–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Devenny DA, Wegiel J, Schupf N et al. Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type and accelerated aging in Down syndrome. Science. SAGE KE. 2005. http://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/14/dn1.

  67. Henderson CM, Davidson PW. Comprehensive adult and geriatric assessment. In: Janicki MP, Ansello EF, editors. Community supports for aging adults with lifelong disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Holland AJ. Psychiatry and mental retardation. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1999;11:76–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Patti PJ, Amble KB, Flory MJ. Life events in older adults with intellectual disabilities: differences between adults with and without Down syndrome. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2005;2:149–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Prosser H, Moss S, Costello H, et al. Reliability and validity of the Mini PAS-ADD for assessing psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1998;42:264–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Van Schrojenstein Lantman-deValk HMJ, van den Akker M, Maskaant MA, et al. Prevalence and incidence of health problems in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1997;41:42–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Hawkins BA, Eklund SJ, James DR, et al. Adaptive behavior and cognitive function of adults with Down syndrome: modeling change with age. Ment Retard. 2003;41:7–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Startin CM, Rodger E, Fodor-Wynne L, et al. Developing an informant questionnaire for cognitive abilities in Down syndrome: the Cognitive Scale for Down Syndrome (CS-DS). PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154596. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154596.

  74. De Vreese LP, Mantesso U, De Bastiani E, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the AADS questionnaire: a caregiver-rated tool for the assessment of behavioral deficits and excesses in persons with intellectual disabilities and dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23:1124–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Castane M, Boada-Rovira M, Hernandez-Ruia I. Eye conditions as features of Down’s syndrome in patients over 40 years of age. Rev Neurol. 2004;39:1017–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Evenhuis HM. Medical aspects of ageing in a population with intellectual disability: I. Visual impairment. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1995;39:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Evenhuis HM. Medical aspects of ageing in a population with intellectual disability: II. Hearing impairment. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1995;39:27–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Fisher K, Kettl P. Aging with mental retardation: increasing population of older adults with MR require health interventions and prevention strategies. Geriatrics. 2005;60:26–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Krinsky-McHale SJ, Abramov I, Devenny DA et al. Visual deficits in adults with Down syndrome. In: Paper presented at the 34th Annual Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Charleston, SC, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Woodhouse JM, Adler P, Duignan A. Vision in athletes with intellectual disabilities: the need for improved eyecare. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2004;48:736–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Millichap D, Oliver C, McQuillan S, et al. Descriptive functional analysis of behavioral excesses shown by adults with Down syndrome and dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:844–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kittler P, Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA. Sex differences in performance over 7 years on the Wechsler intelligence scale for children—revised among adults with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2004;48:114–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schupf N, Pang D, Patel BN, et al. Onset of dementia is associated with age at menopause in women with Down’s syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:433–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Oliver C. Perspectives on assessment and evaluation. In: Janicki M, Dalton A, editors. Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Burt DB, Primeaux-Hart S, Phillips NB, et al. Assessment of orientation: relationship between informant report and direct measures. Ment Retard. 1999;37:364–70.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Reiss S. Manual for the Reiss screen for maladaptive behavior: version 1.1. New York: International Diagnostic Systems; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Deb S, Braganza J. Comparison of rating scales for the diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1999;43:400–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Oliver C, Holland A, Hall S, et al. The assessment of memory impairment in adults with Down syndrome: the effect of increasing task load on test sensitivity. Am J Ment Retard. 2005;110:339–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cosgrave MP, McCarron M, Anderson M, et al. Cognitive decline in down syndrome: a validity/reliability study of the test for severe impairment. Am J Ment Retard. 1998;103:193–7.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Burt DB, Loveland KA, Primeaux-Hart S, et al. Dementia in adults with Down syndrome: diagnostic challenges. Am J Ment Retard. 1998;103:130–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Aylward EH, Burt DB, Lai F, et al. Diagnosis of dementia in individuals with intellectual disability. Washington: American Association of Mental Retardation; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Prasher V, Cumella S, Natarajan K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging, Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: research and clinical implications. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2003;47:90–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Boada-Rovira M, Hernandez-Ruiz I, Badenas-Homiar S, et al. Clinical-therapeutic study of dementia in people with Down syndrome and the effectiveness of donepezil in this population. Rev Neurol. 2005;41:129–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cipriani G, Bianchetti A, Travucchi M. Donepezil use in the treatment of dementia associated with Down syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Lott IT, Osann K, Doran E, et al. Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease: response to donepezil. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1133–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Prasher VP. Review of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine for the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome: implications for the intellectual disability population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:509–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Prasher VP, Adams C, Holder R. Long term safety and efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome: open label study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:549–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Prasher VP, Fung N, Adams C. Rivastigmine in the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20:496–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Prasher VP, Huxley A, Haque MS, et al. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease—pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:270–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Zeilinger E, Nader I, Brehmer-Rinderer B, et al. CAPs-IDD – characteristics of assessment instruments for psychiatric disorders in persons with intellectual developmental disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2013;57:737–46. doi:10.1111/jir.12003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Woditschka K, Weber G, Zeilinger E. A structured evaluation of the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR). Paper presented at the 10th Congress of the European Association for Mental Health in Intellectual Disability (EAMHID), Florence Italy, 9–11 September 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Small GW, Rabins PV, Barry PP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer’s Association, and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Med Assoc. 1997;278:1363–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Elliott-King J, Shaw S, Bandelow S, Devshi R, Kassam S, Hogervorst E. A critical literature review of the effectiveness of various instruments in the diagnosis of dementia in adults with intellectual disabilities. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2016;4:126–48.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Consultant, Madison, WI, USA

    Diana B. Burt BS, MS, PhD

Authors
  1. Diana B. Burt BS, MS, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diana B. Burt BS, MS, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Visiting Professor of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Vee P. Prasher

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burt, D.B. (2018). Issues in Dementia Assessment Methods. In: Prasher, V. (eds) Neuropsychological Assessments of Dementia in Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disabilities. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61720-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61720-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61719-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61720-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation