Abstract
Friedrich Hayek was against eugenics and the eugenics movement. Although from childhood he was familiar with the concepts of Darwinism and sometimes stated the Nordic superiority and anti-Semitic sentiments found among many Anglo-Germanic professionals and the educated middle and upper-middle classes during the first half of the twentieth century. However, British colleagues who were leaders in the eugenics movement influenced Hayek’s theory of the natural selection of groups and of central planning in a socialistic system. But, Hayek was against eugenics practices as illustrated by his opposition to state-controlled central planning and social engineering programs which included eugenics. He believed governmental social engineering could potentially lead to a totalitarian society and the lack of individual freedom through eugenic mandates as found under Nazism.
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Notes
- 1.
Eugenics was practiced in many countries and not just in Europe and the Americas. Japan, like Nazi Germany, had an emphasis on ‘racial purity.’ The focus of this chapter will be on American, British, and German eugenics as Friedrich Hayek likely was familiar with the literature and had colleagues from these cultures. See Robertson (2002); Turda and Gillette (2014); Turda (2010); Turda and Weindling (2007); and also Whitney (1934, 139).
- 2.
- 3.
See also Donald Pickens (1968) for a detailed account of the eugenics movement during the Progressive era in the United States.
- 4.
These and other terms that might be offensive in today’s culture were considered proper scientific nomenclature in the first half of the twentieth century.
- 5.
The term ‘race’ had many meanings in the early twentieth century—it could mean ‘her race,’ woman as opposed to man; the classical Caucasian, Oriental, or Negroid races; the five races of Europe; or even the Irish race. See Huxley and Haddon (1936, 215–216).
- 6.
See also Saleeby (1914, 19–20, 31).
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- 8.
- 9.
Also see Saleeby (1911, 256–259).
- 10.
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- 16.
For a sample of publications that support inheritance of intelligence between social economic classes and/or race, see Jensen (1969), Herrnstein and Murray (1996), Lynn (2006), and Lynn and Vanhanen (2002). For examples that refute the inheritance of intelligence due to race and/or class, see Alland (2004), Jacoby and Glauberman (1995), Kerr and Shakespeare (2002), and Kincheloe et al. (1997). See also Gould, 1981 who traces the history of intelligence measurements and Chomsky (1978) and his other works concerning language, intelligence, and race.
- 17.
Also translated as ‘Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races’ (1856).
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
An early study before Davenport was Richard Dugdale’s The Jukes (1877). Davenport’s research influenced other family studies including the Kallikats (1912), the Nams (1912), and The Jukes in 1915 (1916). The Mongrel Virginians (1926) was the only study of a mixed race group. Several states also conducted a series of reports including Mental Defectives in Indiana (1916–1922) and the Eugenics Survey of Vermont (1924–1936). See also Rafter (1988); Paul (1995); Gallagher (1999) for further information concerning family history studies.
- 21.
Charles Davenport, Alexander Graham Bell, Harvard University President Charles Eliot, David Starr Jordan, and conservationist Gifford Pinchot were vice presidents. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Madison Grant, and several biologists were delegates. See Problems in Eugenics, Report of Proceedings of the First International Eugenics Congress, University of London, from July 24 to 30, 1912. https://archive.org/details/b28105874. Accessed 3 August, 2016.
- 22.
Founders and early members included leading nativists, non-nativists, eugenicists: Irving Fisher (was its first chair), Madison Grant, Harry H. Laughlin, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Roswell H. Johnson, Ellsworth Huntington, Charles Davenport, Henry Perkins, and other prominent academics and philanthropists were members (Mehler 1988, 81).
- 23.
See Lombardo 2008 for more information about this famous case.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
See Grant 1916, insert between pp. 122–123.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
See Hall (1906, 86), Martin (2011, 132–151), Haller ([1963]1984, 155–156), Mehler (1988, 2), Ludmerer (1972b, 61–65). Also see https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act. Accessed on 4 July 2016. For further details about the immigration restriction movement and its interlinking with eugenics, see Engs (2014), Ludmerer (1972b).
- 30.
- 31.
See https://www.scribd.com/doc/97123506/Eugenics-Society-Members-A-Z-2012 for members list. Accessed on 24 July 2016.
- 32.
Economist J.M. Keynes was a director (1937–1944) and V.P. 1937 of the society; A.M. Carr-Saunders was the president (1949–1953) and Julian Huxley (V.P. 1937–1944, Pres. 1959–1962). See annual membership lists from Eugenics Review published by the Eugenics Society (1930–1950).
- 33.
Galton lectures were also given by Carr-Saunders (1935), Huxley (1936), Keynes (1937), and Beveridge (1943). See Galton Lecturers list (1968).
- 34.
Eugenics Society 1930–1950; Kühl, S. to R. Engs (15 June 2016). List of people attending European eugenics or population conferences. Private communication via email.
- 35.
- 36.
Per convention Rassenhygiene and eugenics will be used interchangeably.
- 37.
- 38.
See also Weiss (1987b, 227–228).
- 39.
- 40.
See also Haller (1984, xi).
- 41.
- 42.
See Leeson (2015b, 22–23, 94), c, 66–69) for further details concerning Hayek’s family pedigree and Nazi leanings.
- 43.
Kresge (1994, 7) explains that in New York, while reading accounts of the Great War, he realized that ‘the truth about the course of the war had been largely kept from the Austrian people. We can date Hayek’s skepticism toward the actions and motives of governments from this point.’
- 44.
Later after the war, Hayek moved to the United States (1951–1961) and was at the University of Chicago Committee on Social Thought. He then went to Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany, as a professor and had several visiting professorships. In 1974, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences and ended his career in Freiburg where he died. See works by Cubitt (2006), Ebenstein (2001, 2003), Leeson (2013, 2015a, b, c), and Hayek’s (1994a) interview autobiography.
- 45.
von Hayek, F.A. Freedom and the Economic System. The Contemporary Review. 1938. January 153: 434–442.
- 46.
See O’Connor, Lydia, and Daniel Marans. Here are ten examples of Donald Trump being a racist. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-racist-examples_us_56d47177e4b03260bf777e83. Accessed 4 July 2016; D’Antonio, Michael. Is Donald Trump Racist? Here’s What the Record Shows. 7 June 2016. Fortune. http://fortune.com/2016/06/07/donald-trump-racism-quotes/ Accessed 7 August 2016.
Jessica Schulberg argues that Trump’s Neo-Nazi and Jewish backers are both convinced he’s secretly on their side which works out great for him. The Huffington Post. 27 May 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-neo-nazis-jews_us_5747397be4b0dacf7ad4480e. Accessed 22 July 2016.
- 47.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified 1978 (Center for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/). Accessed 19 October 2016.
- 48.
Leeson 2015a, 168. fn. 57. See essay by von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik. Hebrews and Christians. The Rothbard-Rockwell Report Archives. April 1998, 6–12. http://www.unz.org/pub/rothbardrockwellreport-1998apr-00006, Accessed 19 October, 2016; Also Childe (1926), Grant (1916), Günther (1927), Stoddard (1920).
- 49.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified 1978 (Center for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/). Accessed 19 October 2016.
- 50.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified 1978 (Center for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/). Cited in Leeson 2015a, 65 fn. 25. See also Leeson 2015b, 15–16.
- 51.
See Leeson 2015a, 19, 23, fn. 37.
- 52.
See Caldwell (2004, 2) for details concerning this intellectual change in direction.
- 53.
The complete quote by Carr-Saunders in The Population Problem (1922, 223):
Now men and groups are naturally selected on account of the customs they practice just as they are selected on account of their mental and physical characters. Those groups practicing the most advantageous customs will have an advantage in the constant struggle between adjacent groups over those that practice less advantageous customs. Few customs can be more advantageous than those which limit the numbers of a group to the desirable number, and there is no difficulty in understanding how—once any of these three customs [abortion, infanticide, abstention from intercourse] had originated it would, by as process of natural selection come to be so practiced that it would produce an approximation to the desirable number.
- 54.
- 55.
A few more paragraphs were added to the 1932 and 1936 editions. See von Mises, Preface 1981 (xvi; xxiv).
- 56.
The epilogue was originally published as Planned Chaos (1947, 1970). Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education.
- 57.
See von Mises ([1936]1969, 578–582), epilogue Section 8, ‘Nazism,’ for more information on totalitarianism and eugenics as an aspect of this political economic system.
- 58.
See also Hayek (1967, 216–217).
- 59.
Although I primarily used the original published paper copies, many items published prior to 1923 can be found in Hathitrust.org
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Engs, R.C. (2017). Background to the Eugenics Movement and Influences on Friedrich Hayek. In: Hayek: A Collaborative Biography. Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61714-5_6
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