Abstract
Hayek ‘sometimes’ wished he ‘could return to psychology, I have so many ideas in that field.’ He must have reflected about the sociopathic, or aristocratic, trance in which he held his ‘secondhand dealers in opinions’—and how easily they were deceived. Hayek emphasized to his Mont Pelerin Society the ‘moral inheritance which is an explanation of the dominance of the western world, a moral inheritance which consists essentially in the belief in property, honesty and the family.’ He sought to preserve his own dominance through a rules-based ‘dictatorial democracy’ (a concept he may have plagiarized from Chairman Mao): it would take a ‘very long period’ for Mises’ ‘knout’ and ‘prison camp’ to ‘clean’ the United States. In addition to abandoning his family and stealing from tax-exempt educational charities to maintain his aristocratic lifestyle, Hayek—a tax-evading multi-millionaire—refused to pay his secretary (1977–1992), Charlotte Cubitt, because he ‘didn’t have the means.’
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Thomas Hazlett, 12 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 2.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Thomas Hazlett, 12 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 3.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 4.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 5.
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/114609
Hayek Archives Box 27.6.
- 6.
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/114609
Hayek Archives Box 27.6.
- 7.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 8.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Thomas Hazlett, 12 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 9.
He had noticed ‘very much nowadays, how selective my memory is increasingly becoming…Another phenomena of which I have recently became aware – I sometimes wish I could return to psychology, I have so many ideas in that field – how much memory depends on having remembered the thing before. And if you have never remembered the thing before, usually it is gone’ (cited by Caldwell 2007, 342).
- 10.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Jack High, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Earlene Craver, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 14.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 15.
Conversation with Kurt Leube, 12 August 2010.
- 16.
- 17.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 18.
- 19.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
In September 2015, Martin Shkreli (1983–), the co-founder of the hedge fund MSMB Capital Management, obtained the manufacturing license for the antiparasitic drug Daraprim and raised its price by over 5000 %. Arrested by the FBI on charges of securities fraud, Shkreli was subpoenaed to appear before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the US House of Representatives. After failing to quash the subpoena, he pleaded the Fifth Amendment, openly sneered during questioning, and then sent a Twitter message: ‘Hard to accept that these imbeciles represent the people in our government’ (Johnson 2015).
- 23.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 24.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Axel Leijonhufvud, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 25.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Bork, 4 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 26.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Axel Leijonhufvud, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 27.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Thomas Hazlett, 12 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 28.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Bork, 4 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 29.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Jack High, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 30.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Bork, 4 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 31.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by James Buchanan, 28 October 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 32.
‘Perhaps it’s the degree of constant communication with the media (now one has to call it media; it used to be the press) which is much greater than you would expect of a people with the same general level of education. Compared with current influences, the basic stock of education is rather low. It’s the contrast between the two. The European peasant has less basic education but is not subject to the same stream of constant current information. Usually people who are subject to such a stream of current information have a fairly solid stock of basic information. But Americans have this flood of current information impacting upon comparatively little basic information.’
- 33.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 34.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 35.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 36.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 37.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Thomas Hazlett, 12 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 38.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Earlene Craver, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 39.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 40.
The head of Berlin SA, Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff, was the noble-born son of a landowner and (like Mises) a ‘Great’ War Lieutenant. With Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann Erwin von Witzleben, Hermann Henning Karl Robert von Tresckow, Werner Karl von Haeften, and others, von Helldorff (like ‘von’ Mises) had second thoughts and participated in Claus von Stauffenberg’s 1944 20 July plot to kill Hitler (for which he was executed).
- 41.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by James Buchanan, 28 October 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 42.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Bork, 4 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 43.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by James Buchanan, 28 October 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 44.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 45.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 46.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Thomas Hazlett, 12 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 47.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by James Buchanan, 28 October 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 48.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 49.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by James Buchanan, 28 October 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 50.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 51.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 52.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 53.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 54.
‘A rather plain girl badly wants to become a saleswoman, a weekly boy who has set his heart on a job where his weakness handicaps him, as well as in general the apparently less able or less suitable not necessarily excluded in a competitive society; if they value the position sufficiently, they will frequently be able to get a start by financial sacrifice and will later make good through qualities which at first and not so obvious.’
- 55.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Axel Leijonhufvud, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 56.
But she was, apparently, unable to get her biography past publishers’ referees and so was obliged to self-published. It is in the public interest to know what role Austrians played in this attempt to suppress her knowledge.
- 57.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Leo Rosten, 15 November 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
- 58.
Wieser (1983 [1926], 257, 363) described ‘The Modern Plutocracy’: ‘The Law of Small Numbers found in the economy a field of application of equally great effect as it once had in the victory of arms. While the multitude of the weak was pressed down, out of the bourgeois middle class there arose to dizzying heights the elite of the capitalists, joining the rulers of earlier times and exceeding them still in wealth and finally even in social influence. The great economic rulers had won under the slogan of liberty [emphasis added], which opened for them the road to unchecked activity. They demanded ever more impetuously the green light for themselves, but the uninhibited unfolding of their energies meant coercion for all the weak who stepped into their way. Could the liberals still talk about freedom?’ Wieser (1926, 354) had capitalized ‘The Slogan of Liberty’—‘Losung der Freiheit.’
- 59.
Friedrich Hayek, interviewed by Robert Chitester, date unspecified, 1978 (Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/).
Bibliography
Allen, H. 1982. Hayek the Answer Man. Washington Post 2 December. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/12/02/hayek-the-answer-man/5f046174-5ded-4695-96cd-65020c0919ad/
Barros, R. 2004. Constitutionalism and Dictatorship. Pinochet, the Junta, and the 1980 Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Block, W. (Ed.) 2010. I Chose Liberty: Autobiographies of Contemporary Libertarians. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Blundell, J. 2005. The Road to Serfdom. In Hayek, F. A. The Road to Serfdom with The Intellectuals and Socialism. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
Blundell, J. 2007. Waging the War of Ideas. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/upldbook404pdf.pdf
Boettke, P., Coyne, C. and Leeson, P. 2006. High Priests and Lowly Philosophers: The Battle for the Soul of Economics. Case Western Reserve Law Review 56.3: 551–568.
Buchanan, J. 1992. I Did Not Call Him ‘Fritz’: Personal Recollections of Professor F. A. v. Hayek. Constitutional Political Economy 3.2, Spring/Summer: 129–135.
Bullock, A. 1991. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Harper Perennial.
Caldwell, B. 1995. Editorial Notes. In Hayek, F. A. Contra Keynes and Cambridge The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Caldwell, B. 2007. On the Job Training with F. A. Hayek. History of Political Economy 39.1: 342–354.
Caldwell, B. 2009. A Skirmish in the Popper Wars: Hutchison Versus Caldwell on Hayek, Popper, Mises, and Methodology. Journal of Economic Methodology 16.3: 315–324. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13501780903129306
Caldwell, B. 2016. Hayek’s Nobel. In Boettke, P. and Storr, V. (Eds.) Revisiting Hayek’s Political Economy. Advances in Austrian Economics. England: Emerald.
Caldwell, B. and Montes, L. 2014a. Friedrich Hayek and His Visits to Chile. CHOPE Working Paper No. 2014–12. August.
Caldwell, B. and Montes, L. 2014b. Friedrich Hayek and His Visits to Chile. Review of Austrian Economics First online: 26 September 2014.
Caldwell, B. and Montes, L. 2015. Friedrich Hayek and His Visits to Chile. Review of Austrian Economics 28.3, September: 261–309.
Carver, T. N. 1949. Recollections of an Unplanned Life. Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press.
Cubitt, C. 2006. A Life of August von Hayek. Bedford, England: Authors on line.
D’Almeida, F. 2008. High Society in the Third Reich. Cambridge: Polity.
Davidson, E. 1966. The Trials of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. London: Macmillan.
Deist, J. 2017. Democracy, the God That’s Failing. Mises Wire 17 February. https://mises.org/blog/democracy-god-thats-failing
Ebenstein, A. 2003. Friedrich Hayek: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Farrant, A. McPhail, E. and Berger, S. 2012. Preventing the “Abuses” of Democracy: Hayek, the “Military Usurper” and Transitional Dictatorship in Chile? American Journal of Economics and Sociology 71.3: 513–538.
Farrant, A. and McFail, E. 2017. Hayek, Thatcher, and the Muddle of the Middle. In Leeson, R. (Ed.) Hayek a Collaborative Biography Part IX: The Divine Right of the ‘Free’ Market. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fest, J. C. 1970. The Face of the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Fest, J. C. 1973. Hitler. London: Harvest.
Frost, G. 2002. Anthony Fisher Champion of Liberty. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
Hamann, B. 2010. Hitler’s Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man. New York: Tauris.
Harris, S. 1947. The New Economics Keynes’ Influence on Theory and Public Policy. London: Dennis Dobson.
Hayek, F. A. 1966. Misconception of Human Rights as Positive Claims. Farmand Anniversary Issue II/12: 32–35.
Hayek, F. A. 1975. In Haberler, G. A Discussion with Friedrich A. von Hayek: Held at the American Enterprise Institute on April 9, 1975. Washington: American Enterprise Institute.
Hayek, F. A. 1976a. Law, Legislation and Liberty Volume 2 – The Mirage of Social Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hayek, F. A. 1976b. Transcript of Australian Television Interview. http://economics.org.au/2010/08/1976-monday-conference-transcript-featuring-hayek/
Hayek, F. A. 1976c. The Road to Serfdom. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hayek, F. A. 1978. Oral history interviews. Centre for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles., http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/.
Hayek, F. A. 1979a. Law, Legislation and Liberty Volume 3 The Political Order of a Free People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hayek, F. A. 1979b. In F. A. Hayek and K. Imanishi. Shizen, Jinrui, Bunmei. Tokyo: NHK Books. As cited by Susumu Egashira, S. 2017. Hayek, Evolution and Imanishi (chapter 11, below).
Hayek, F. A. 1992a [1968]. The Fortunes of Liberalism Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Peter Klein.
Hayek, F. A. 1992b [1977]. The Road from Serfdom. Reason July. http://reason.com/archives/1992/07/01/the-road-from-serfdom/5
Hayek, F. A. 1994. Hayek on Hayek an Autobiographical Dialogue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar.
Hayek, F. A. 1995. Contra Keynes and Cambridge The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Bruce Caldwell.
Hayek, F. A. 1997. Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews. The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Bruce Caldwell.
Hayek, F. A. 2007 [1944]. The Road to Serfdom: The Definitive Edition. The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Bruce Caldwell.
Hayek, F. A. 2011 [1960]. The Constitution of Liberty. The Definitive Edition. The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Ronald Hamowy.
Heiden, K. 1944. Der Fuehrer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated by Ralph Manheim.
Hülsmann, J. G. 2007. Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Klausinger, H. 2013. Academic Anti-Semitism and the Austrian School: Vienna 1918-1945. University of Vienna Working Paper. October.
Klausinger, H. 2014. Academic Anti-Semitism and the Austrian School: Vienna 1918-1945. Atlantic Economic Journal 42: 191–204.
Kresge, S. 1994. Introduction. In Hayek, F. A. Hayek on Hayek an Autobiographical Dialogue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar.
Kuehnelt-Leddihn, E. R. 1992. The Road from Serfdom. National Review 44.8: 32.
Johnson, C. 2015. ‘Pharma Bro’ Shkreli Stays Silent Before Congress, Calls Lawmakers ‘Imbeciles’ in Tweet. Washington Post 4 February. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/04/pharma-bro-martin-shkreli-faces-congress-today-but-pledges-silence/
Johnson, P. B. 1988. Intellectuals. New York: Harper.
Kirk, T. 1996. Nazism and the Working Class in Austria: Industrial Unrest and Political Dissent in the National Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lawson, N. 1992. The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical. London: Bantam.
Leeson, R. 2003. Ideology and the International Economy: The Decline and Fall of Bretton Woods. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leeson, R. (Ed.) 2013. Hayek: a Collaborative Biography Part I Influences From Mises to Bartley. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leeson, R. (Ed.) 2015. Hayek: a Collaborative Biography Part II Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899-1933. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leeson, R. 2017a. Hayek: a Collaborative Biography Part VII ‘Market Free Play with an Audience’: Hayek’s Encounters with Fifty Knowledge Communities. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leeson, R. 2017b. Hayek: A Collaborative Biography Part VIII ‘The Constitution of Liberty 1: ‘Shooting in Cold Blood’ Hayek’s Plan for the Future of Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Letwin, S. R. 1992. The Anatomy of Thatcherism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Mao, T-t. 1949. On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. In Commemoration of the Twenty-eighth Anniversary of the Communist Party of China 30 June. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm
Mises, L. 1944. Bureaucracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mises, L. 1951 [1922]. Socialism An Economic and Sociological Analysis. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. Second English translation. Translated by J. Kahane.
Mises, L. 1974. Planning for Freedom, and Twelve Other Essays and Addresses. South Holland Illinois: Libertarian Press.
Mises, L. 1985 [1927]. Liberalism in the Classical Tradition. Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. Translated by Ralph Raico.
Mises L. 2006. The Causes of the Economic Crisis and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression. Auburn Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. Edited by Percy Greaves.
Mises, L. 2007 [1958]. Mises and Rothbard letters to Ayn Rand. Journal of Libertarian Studies 21.4, Winter: 11–16.
Mises, L. 2009 [1978 (1940)]. Memoirs. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Mises, M. 1976. My Life with Ludwig von Mises. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
Mises, M. 1984. My Life with Ludwig von Mises. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Mosley, O. 1972. My Life. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
Noakes, J. and Pridham, G. (Eds.) 1994. Nazism 1919-1945 Volume 1 The Rise to Power 1919-1934. A Documentary Reader. Exeter: University of Exeter Press
O’Brien, P. J. 1985. Authoritarianism and the New Economic Orthodoxy The Political Economy of the Chilean Regime, 1973-85. In O’Brien, P. J. and Cammack, P. A. (Eds.) Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Paine, T. 2000 [1775]. Reflections on Titles. In Kurland, P. B. and Lerner, R. 2000. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
Pinochet, A. 1982. The Crucial Day September 11 1973. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Renacimiento.
Pinochet, A. 1991. A Journey Through Life Memoirs of a Soldier Volume 1. Santiago: Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile.
Robin, C. 2011. The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Roche, G. III 1972. The Bewildered Society. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
Rockwell, L. H. Jr. 1995. In Rockwell, L. Jr. (Ed.) Murray Rothbard: In Memorandum. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Rothbard, M. N. 1992. A Strategy for the Right. Rothbard Rockwell Report 3.3, March. http://www.unz.org/Pub/RothbardRockwellReport-1992mar-00001
Shearmur, J. 2015. The Other Path to Mont Pelerin. In Leeson, R. (Ed.) Hayek: a Collaborative Biography Part 4 England, the Ordinal Revolution and the Road to Serfdom, 1931–1950. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shenoy, S. 2003. An Interview with Sudha Shenoy. Austrian Economics Newsletter Winter: 1–8. http://mises.org/journals/aen/aen23_4_1.pdf
Shirer, W. L. 1960. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. London: Secker and Warburg.
Stolper, G. 1967. The German Economy from 1870 to the Present Day. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Stromberg, J. R. 1995. In Rockwell, L. H. Jr. (Ed.) Murray Rothbard: In Memorandum. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Talmon, J. L. 1960. The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. Britain: Secker & Warburg.
Tanaka, S. 1974. What Will Happen to the World as Keynesian Economic Theories Are Disproved? Views of Professor Hayek, a World-Famous Authority on Inflation Sought. Shuukan Post May 17. Hayek Archives Box 52.28.
Taylor, A. J. P. 1964. The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria Hungary. England: Peregrine.
Thornton, M. 1995. In Rockwell, L. H. Jr. (Ed.) Murray Rothbard: In Memorandum. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Time. 1933. Germany: Hitler into Chancellor. 6 February. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745087,00.html
Turner, H. A. 1968. Hitler’s Secret Pamphlet for Industrialists, 1927. Journal of Modern History 40.3(September): 348–374.
Turner, H. A. 1985. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. New York: Oxford University Press.
Twain, M. 1883. Life on the Mississippi. London: Chatto and Windus.
Wachtell, C. 2012. The Author of the Civil War. New York Times 6 July. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/the-author-of-the-civil-war/?_r=0
Wieser, F. 1926. Das Gesetzder Macht. Wien: Verlag Von Julius Springer.
Wieser, F. 1983 [1926]. The Law of Power. University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Bureau of Business Research. Translated by W. E. Kuhn.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leeson, R. (2017). ‘Dictatorial Democracy,’ the Four Habsburg Estates, and ‘The Ethical Foundations of a Free Society’. In: Hayek: A Collaborative Biography. Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61714-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61714-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61713-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61714-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)