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Overview of Positron-Emission Tomography Tracers for Metabolic Imaging

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Abstract

Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a cross-sectional imaging technique that uses compounds labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides to measure the concentration and location of the radiolabeled compounds over time. PET has been used for a broad range of biomedical research and is used routinely in clinical patient care for oncologic, neurologic, and cardiac applications. PET has several properties that make this technique particularly well-suited for metabolic imaging as well as some important limitations. This chapter discusses key principles and applications of PET tracers for metabolic imaging in mammalian systems. Many of the first PET tracers developed for metabolic imaging were radiolabeled forms of naturally occurring products such as glucose and amino acids [1, 2]. Due to the wide range of metabolic PET tracers that have been developed, it is not possible to comprehensively cover this field in a single chapter. We focus primarily on small molecule PET tracers that participate in metabolic pathways and/or serve as markers for the activity of specific metabolic pathways that have been used in human imaging studies.

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Abbreviations

Acetyl-CoA:

Acetyl coenzyme A

ACS:

Acetyl-CoA synthase

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BOLD:

Blood-oxygen-level dependent

CDP-choline:

Diphosphate-choline

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

CK:

Choline kinase

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CT:

Computed tomography

Ctr1:

Copper-transporter 1

Cu-ATSM:

Copper-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)

DLBCL:

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acids

EF5:

2-Nitroimidazol-[18F]pentafluoropropyl acetamide

FAO:

Fatty acid oxidation

FAS:

Fatty acid synthesis

FASN:

Fatty acid synthase

FAZA:

[18F]Fluoroazomycin arabinoside

FDG:

2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose

FDOPA:

3,4-Dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine

FET:

O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine

FGln:

4-[18F]-(2S,4R)-Fluoroglutamine

FHDA:

16-[18F]Fluorohexadecanoic acid

FLT:

3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine

FMISO:

[18F]Fluoromisonidazole

FSPG:

4-(3-[18F]-(2S,4S)-fluorpropyl)glutamate

GRPR:

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor

HD:

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

LCFA:

Long-chain fatty acid

MeAIB:

α-[11C]Methyl aminoisobutyric acid

MET:

L-[11C]Methionine

MIP:

Maximum intensity projection

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NSCLC:

Non-small cell lung cancer

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PDC:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

PET:

Positron-emission tomography

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

PSMA:

Prostate-specific membrane antigen

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SLC:

Solute carrier

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

SUV:

Standardized uptake value

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

tRNA:

Transfer ribonucleic acid

UCP-1:

Uncoupling protein 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA

    Ephraim Parent

  2. Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35210, USA

    Jonathan McConathy

  3. Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, JT 773, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA

    Jonathan McConathy

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  1. Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Radiology, NEW YORK, New York, USA

    Jason S. Lewis

  2. Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Radiology, NEW YORK, New York, USA

    Kayvan R. Keshari

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Parent, E., McConathy, J. (2018). Overview of Positron-Emission Tomography Tracers for Metabolic Imaging. In: Lewis, J., Keshari, K. (eds) Imaging and Metabolism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61401-4_3

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