Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Complications due to Root Canal Filling Procedures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Common Complications in Endodontics

Abstract

This chapter reports on the possible complications that can be related to the procedures for filling the root canal system. It begins with a brief introduction and a description of the most common filling materials used in Endodontics, their characteristics and their history. The different obturation techniques used to fill the root canals in three-dimensions will be also described to better understand possible complications due to technical problems. Difficulties arising while using the various obturation techniques will be extensively described, including the descriptions of the complications due to the obturation procedures, their prevention and their management. The possible consequences of the extrusion of filling materials over the apex will be described, giving particular attention to the description of the anatomical areas that may be possibly involved. Complications due to the chemical effect, the heat and the mechanical damage will also be described and discussed

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1965;20:340–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Quality guidelines for endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006;39(12):921–930.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Siqueira JF Jr, Araujo MC, Garcia PF, Fraga RC, Dantas CJ. Histological evaluation of the effectiveness of five instrumentation techniques for cleaning the apical third of root canals. J Endod. 1997;23(8):499–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barrieshi-Nusair KM, Hammad HM. Intracoronal sealing comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate and glass ionomer. Quintessence Int (Berlin, Germany: 1985). 2005;36(7–8):539–45.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Jack RM, Goodell GG. In vitro comparison of coronal microleakage between Resilon alone and gutta-percha with a glass-ionomer intraorifice barrier using a fluid filtration model. J Endod. 2008;34(6):718–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mavec JC, McClanahan SB, Minah GE, Johnson JD, Blundell RE Jr. Effects of an intracanal glass ionomer barrier on coronal microleakage in teeth with post space. J Endod. 2006;32(2):120–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shipper G, Orstavik D, Teixeira FB, Trope M. An evaluation of microbial leakage in roots filled with a thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based root canal filling material (Resilon). J Endod. 2004;30(5):342–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin N Am. 1967:723–44.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schilder H. Cleaning and shaping the root canal. Dent Clin N Am. 1974;18(2):269–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Saunders WP, Saunders EM. Coronal leakage as a cause of failure in root-canal therapy: a review. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1994;10(3):105–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sundqvist G, Figdor D, Persson S, Sjogren U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85(1):86–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bergenholtz G, Spangberg L. Controversies in endodontics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15(2):99–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. Outcome of secondary root canal treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2008;41(12):1026–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature - part 1. Effects of study characteristics on probability of success. Int Endod J. 2007;40(12):921–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Setzer FC, Kim S. Comparison of long-term survival of implants and endodontically treated teeth. J Dent Res. 2014;93(1):19–26.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Azim AA, Griggs JA, Huang GT. The Tennessee study: factors affecting treatment outcome and healing time following nonsurgical root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2016;49(1):6–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bernstein SD, Horowitz AJ, Man M, Wu H, Foran D, Vena DA, et al. Outcomes of endodontic therapy in general practice: a study by the practitioners engaged in applied research and learning network. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143(5):478–87.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Imura N, Pinheiro ET, Gomes BP, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, Souza-Filho FJ. The outcome of endodontic treatment: a retrospective study of 2000 cases performed by a specialist. J Endod. 2007;33(11):1278–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kim S, Jung H, Kim S, Shin SJ, Kim E. The influence of an isthmus on the outcomes of surgically treated molars: a retrospective study. J Endod. 2016;42(7):1029–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Somma F, Leoni D, Plotino G, Grande NM, Plasschaert A. Root canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars: a micro-computed tomographic analysis. Int Endod J. 2009;42(2):165–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58(5):589–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bystrom A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scand J Dent Res. 1981;89(4):321–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pataky L, Ivanyi I, Grigar A, Fazekas A. Antimicrobial efficacy of various root canal preparation techniques: an in vitro comparative study. J Endod. 2002;28(8):603–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zandi H, Rodrigues RC, Kristoffersen AK, Enersen M, Mdala I, Orstavik D, et al. Antibacterial effectiveness of 2 root canal Irrigants in root-filled teeth with infection: a randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2016;42(9):1307–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fedorowicz Z, Nasser M, Sequeira-Byron P, de Souza RF, Carter B, Heft M. Irrigants for non-surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12(9):Cd008948.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Goncalves LS, Rodrigues RC, Andrade Junior CV, Soares RG, Vettore MV. The effect of sodium hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine as Irrigant solutions for root canal disinfection: a systematic review of clinical trials. J Endod. 2016;42(4):527–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Molven O. Effects of extensive apical reaming and calcium hydroxide dressing on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis: a pilot study. Int Endod J. 1991;24(1):1–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Siqueira JF Jr, Lima KC, Magalhaes FA, Lopes HP, de Uzeda M. Mechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal by three instrumentation techniques. J Endod. 1999;25(5):332–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clark-Holke D, Drake D, Walton R, Rivera E, Guthmiller JM. Bacterial penetration through canals of endodontically treated teeth in the presence or absence of the smear layer. J Dent. 2003;31(4):275–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN. Clinical implications and microbiology of bacterial persistence after treatment procedures. J Endod. 2008;34(11):1291–1301.e1293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Taylor JK, Jeansonne BG, Lemon RR. Coronal leakage: effects of smear layer, obturation technique, and sealer. J Endod. 1997;23(8):508–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Violich DR, Chandler NP. The smear layer in endodontics—a review. Int Endod J. 2010;43(1):2–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. White RR, Goldman M, Lin PS. The influence of the smeared layer upon dentinal tubule penetration by plastic filling materials. J Endod. 1984;10(12):558–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Oksan T, Aktener BO, Sen BH, Tezel H. The penetration of root canal sealers into dentinal tubules. A scanning electron microscopic study. Int Endod J. 1993;26(5):301–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. White RR, Goldman M, Lin PS. The influence of the smeared layer upon dentinal tubule penetration by endodontic filling materials. Part II. J Endod. 1987;13(8):369–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. American Association of Endodontists. Colleagues for excellence. Obturation of Root Canal Systems. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Grossman LI. Root canal therapy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Koch CRET, B.L.T. A history of dentistry. Fort Wayne, IN: National Art; 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Grossman LI. Endodontics 1776–1976: a bicentennial history against the background of general dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1976;93(1):78–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Perry SG. Preparing and filling the roots of teeth. Dental Cosmos. 1883;25:1.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Keane HC. A century of service to dentistry. Philadelphia: SS White Dental; 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Weinberger BW. An introduction to the history of dentistry. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Callahan JR. Rosin solution for the sealing of the dental tubuli as an adjuvant in the filling of root canals. J Allied Dent Soc. 1914;9:110.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cohen SB, History RC. In: Company CM, editor. Pathways of the pulp. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 1980. p. 687–701.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Brady JM, del Rio CE. Corrosion of endodontic silver cones in humans: a scanning electron microscope and X-ray microprobe study. J Endod. 1975;1(6):205–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldberg F. Relation between corroded silver points and endodontic failures. J Endod. 1981;7(5):224–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Seltzer S, Green DB, Weiner N, DeRenzis F. A scanning electron microscope examination of silver cones removed from endodontically treated teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33(4):589–605.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sargenti A. Endodontic course for the general practitioner. 3rd ed. Bruxelles, Belgium: EES; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sargenti A. The endodontic debate ends? CDS Rev. 1977;70(1):28–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sargenti A. The Sargenti N-2 method. Dent Surv. 1978;54(10):55–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Oswald RJ, Cohn SA. Systemic distribution of lead from root canal fillings. J Endod. 1975;1(2):59–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Block RM, Lewis RD, Hirsch J, Coffey J, Langeland K. Systemic distribution of N2 paste containing 14C paraformaldehyde following root canal therapy in dogs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;50(4):350–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Cohler CM, Newton CW, Patterson SS, Kafrawy AH. Studies of Sargenti’s technique of endodontic treatment: short-term response in monkeys. J Endod. 1980;6(3):473–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gutmann JL. Adaptation of injected thermoplasticized gutta-percha in the absence of the dentinal smear layer. Int Endod J. 1993;26(2):87–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kleier DJ, Averbach RE. Painful dysesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve following use of a paraformaldehyde-containing root canal sealer. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1988;4(1):46–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Peng L, Ye L, Tan H, Zhou X. Outcome of root canal obturation by warm gutta-percha versus cold lateral condensation: a meta-analysis. J Endod. 2007;33(2):106–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Schaeffer MA, White RR, Walton RE. Determining the optimal obturation length: a meta-analysis of literature. J Endod. 2005;31(4):271–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chugal NM, Clive JM, Spangberg LS. A prognostic model for assessment of the outcome of endodontic treatment: effect of biologic and diagnostic variables. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91(3):342–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ray HA, Trope M. Periapical status of endodontically treated teeth in relation to the technical quality of the root filling and the coronal restoration. Int Endod J. 1995;28(1):12–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hata G, Kawazoe S, Toda T, Weine FS. Sealing ability of Thermafil with and without sealer. J Endod. 1992;18(7):322–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Najar AL, Saquy PC, Vansan LP, Sousa-Neto MD. Adhesion of a glass-ionomer root canal sealer to human dentine. Aust Endod J. 2003;29(1):20–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gutmann JL, Rakusin H. Perspectives on root canal obturation with thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha. Int Endod J. 1987;20(6):261–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Yesilsoy C, Koren LZ, Morse DR, Kobayashi C. A comparative tissue toxicity evaluation of established and newer root canal sealers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;65(4):459–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Carvalho-Junior JR, Guimaraes LF, Correr-Sobrinho L, Pecora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Evaluation of solubility, disintegration, and dimensional alterations of a glass ionomer root canal sealer. Braz Dent J. 2003;14(2):114–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Versiani MA, Carvalho-Junior JR, Padilha MI, Lacey S, Pascon EA, Sousa-Neto MD. A comparative study of physicochemical properties of AH plus and epiphany root canal sealants. Int Endod J. 2006;39(6):464–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ersahan S, Aydin C. Dislocation resistance of iRoot SP, a calcium silicate-based sealer, from radicular dentine. J Endod. 2010;36(12):2000–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tagger M, Tagger E, Tjan AH, Bakland LK. Measurement of adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentin. J Endod. 2002;28(5):351–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhou HM, Shen Y, Zheng W, Li L, Zheng YF, Haapasalo M. Physical properties of 5 root canal sealers. J Endod. 2013;39(10):1281–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Borges RP, Sousa-Neto MD, Versiani MA, Rached-Junior FA, De-Deus G, Miranda CE, et al. Changes in the surface of four calcium silicate-containing endodontic materials and an epoxy resin-based sealer after a solubility test. Int Endod J. 2012;45(5):419–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kim TG, Lee YH, Lee NH, Bhattarai G, Lee IK, Yun BS, et al. The antioxidant property of pachymic acid improves bone disturbance against AH plus-induced inflammation in MC-3T3 E1 cells. J Endod. 2013;39(4):461–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Schweikl H, Schmalz G, Federlin M. Mutagenicity of the root canal sealer AHPlus in the Ames test. Clin Oral Investig. 1998;2(3):125–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Camps J, About I. Cytotoxicity testing of endodontic sealers: a new method. J Endod. 2003;29(9):583–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Eldeniz AU, Mustafa K, Orstavik D, Dahl JE. Cytotoxicity of new resin-, calcium hydroxide- and silicone-based root canal sealers on fibroblasts derived from human gingiva and L929 cell lines. Int Endod J. 2007;40(5):329–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Leyhausen G, Heil J, Reifferscheid G, Waldmann P, Geurtsen W. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the epoxy resin-based root canal sealer AH plus. J Endod. 1999;25(2):109–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bouillaguet S, Wataha JC, Lockwood PE, Galgano C, Golay A, Krejci I. Cytotoxicity and sealing properties of four classes of endodontic sealers evaluated by succinic dehydrogenase activity and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004;112(2):182–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fujisawa S, Atsumi T. Cytotoxicities of a 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin against human pulp fibroblasts. Dent Mater J. 2004;23(2):106–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Huumonen S, Lenander-Lumikari M, Sigurdsson A, Orstavik D. Healing of apical periodontitis after endodontic treatment: a comparison between a silicone-based and a zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer. Int Endod J. 2003;36(4):296–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wu MK, Tigos E, Wesselink PR. An 18-month longitudinal study on a new silicon-based sealer, RSA RoekoSeal: a leakage study in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;94(4):499–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Miletic I, Anic I, Karlovic Z, Marsan T, Pezelj-Ribaric S, Osmak M. Cytotoxic effect of four root filling materials. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16(6):287–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Schwarze T, Leyhausen G, Geurtsen W. Long-term cytocompatibility of various endodontic sealers using a new root canal model. J Endod. 2002;28(11):749–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hovland EJ, Dumsha TC. Leakage evaluation in vitro of the root canal sealer cement Sealapex. Int Endod J. 1985;18(3):179–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Huang FM, Tai KW, Chou MY, Chang YC. Cytotoxicity of resin-, zinc oxide-eugenol-, and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal ligament cells and permanent V79 cells. Int Endod J. 2002;35(2):153–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Aboush YE, Jenkins CB. An evaluation of the bonding of glass-ionomer restoratives to dentine and enamel. Br Dent J. 1986;161(5):179–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Powis DR, Folleras T, Merson SA, Wilson AD. Improved adhesion of a glass ionomer cement to dentin and enamel. J Dent Res. 1982;61(12):1416–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Timpawat S, Harnirattisai C, Senawongs P. Adhesion of a glass-ionomer root canal sealer to the root canal wall. J Endod. 2001;27(3):168–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Vollenweider M, Brunner TJ, Knecht S, Grass RN, Zehnder M, Imfeld T, et al. Remineralization of human dentin using ultrafine bioactive glass particles. Acta Biomater. 2007;3(6):936–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gubler M, Brunner TJ, Zehnder M, Waltimo T, Sener B, Stark WJ. Do bioactive glasses convey a disinfecting mechanism beyond a mere increase in pH? Int Endod J. 2008;41(8):670–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Dentin extends the antibacterial effect of endodontic sealers against enterococcus faecalis biofilms. J Endod. 2014;40(4):505–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang H, Shen Y, Ruse ND, Haapasalo M. Antibacterial activity of endodontic sealers by modified direct contact test against enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2009;35(7):1051–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhang W, Li Z, Peng B. Ex vivo cytotoxicity of a new calcium silicate-based canal filling material. Int Endod J. 2010;43(9):769–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Zhang W, Li Z, Peng B. Assessment of a new root canal sealer's apical sealing ability. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107(6):e79–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ersahan S, Aydin C. Solubility and apical sealing characteristics of a new calcium silicate-based root canal sealer in comparison to calcium hydroxide-, methacrylate resin- and epoxy resin-based sealers. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(3–4):857–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Nagas E, Uyanik MO, Eymirli A, Cehreli ZC, Vallittu PK, Lassila LV, et al. Dentin moisture conditions affect the adhesion of root canal sealers. J Endod. 2012;38(2):240–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Parirokh M, Torabinejad M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--part III: clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action. J Endod. 2010;36(3):400–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Torabinejad M, Parirokh M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review—part II: leakage and biocompatibility investigations. J Endod. 2010;36(2):190–202.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Wang Z. Bioceramic materials in endodontics. Endod Top. 2015;32(1):3–30.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Haapasalo M, Parhar M, Huang X, Wei X, Lin J, Shen Y. Clinical use of bioceramic materials. Endod Top. 2015;32(1):97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Koch K, Brave D, Nasseh AA. A review of bioceramic technology in endodontics. Roots. 2012;4:6–12.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Camilleri J, Pitt Ford TR. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a review of the constituents and biological properties of the material. Int Endod J. 2006;39(10):747–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Reyes-Carmona JF, Felippe MS, Felippe WT. Biomineralization ability and interaction of mineral trioxide aggregate and white portland cement with dentin in a phosphate-containing fluid. J Endod. 2009;35(5):731–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. I. The compressibility of gutta-percha. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;37(6):946–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Marciano J, Michailesco P, Abadie MJ. Stereochemical structure characterization of dental gutta-percha. J Endod. 1993;19(1):31–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Friedman CE, Sandrik JL, Heuer MA, Rapp GW. Composition and physical properties of gutta-percha endodontic filling materials. J Endod. 1977;3(8):304–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Wong M, Peters DD, Lorton L, Bernier WE. Comparison of gutta-percha filling techniques: three chloroform--gutta-percha filling techniques, part 2. J Endod. 1982;8(1):4–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Moorer WR, Genet JM. Antibacterial activity of gutta-percha cones attributed to the zinc oxide component. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982;53(5):508–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tagger M, Gold A. Flow of various brands of Gutta-percha cones under in vitro thermomechanical compaction. J Endod. 1988;14(3):115–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Bunn CW. Molecular structure and rubber-like elasticity: I. The crystal structures of b gutta-percha, rubber and polychloroprene. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci. 1941;180:40–66.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Fisher D. Crystal structures of gutta-percha. Proc R Soc Lond A Biol Sci. 1952;66:7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. 3. Determination of phase transition temperatures for gutta-percha. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;38(1):109–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Goppel JMA, J.J. The degree of crystallization in frozen row rubber and stretched vulcanized rubber. Appl Sci Res. 1948;1:310–9.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Smith TL. Strength and related properties of elastomeric block copolymers. IBM J Res Dev. 1977;21:154–67.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Budavari S, O’Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE, Kinneary J. The Merck index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. Part V. Volume changes in bulk gutta-percha as a function of temperature and its relationship to molecular phase transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59(3):285–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mc ED. Physical properties of root canal filling materials. J Am Dent Assoc. 1955;50(4):433–40.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Meyer KM, Kollmar F, Schirrmeister JF, Schneider F, Hellwig E. Analysis of shrinkage of different gutta-percha types using optical measurement methods. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2006;116(4):356–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Shipper G, Trope M. In vitro microbial leakage of endodontically treated teeth using new and standard obturation techniques. J Endod. 2004;30(3):154–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Monoblocks in root canals: a hypothetical or a tangible goal. J Endod. 2007;33(4):391–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Oliet S, Sorin SM. Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of hand-rolled gutta-percha endodontic cones. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1977;43(6):954–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Hiraishi N, Yau JY, Loushine RJ, Armstrong SR, Weller RN, King NM, et al. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal-filling material to degradation. III. Turbidimetric evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis. J Endod. 2007;33(8):952–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Yiu CK, Yau JY, Yiu-fai M, Loushine RJ, et al. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material to degradation. II. Gravimetric evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis. J Endod. 2005;31(10):737–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Whatley JD, Spolnik KJ, Vail MM, Adams BH, Huang R, Gregory RL, et al. Susceptibility of methacrylate-based root canal filling to degradation by bacteria found in endodontic infections. Quintessence Int (Berlin, Germany: 1985). 2014;45(8):647–52.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Doyle MD, Loushine RJ, Agee KA, Gillespie WT, Weller RN, Pashley DH, et al. Improving the performance of EndoRez root canal sealer with a dual-cured two-step self-etch adhesive. I. Adhesive strength to dentin. J Endod. 2006;32(8):766–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Kardon BP, Kuttler S, Hardigan P, Dorn SO. An in vitro evaluation of the sealing ability of a new root-canal-obturation system. J Endod. 2003;29(10):658–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Monticelli F, Weller RN, Breschi L, Ferrari M, et al. Effectiveness of resin-coated gutta-percha cones and a dual-cured, hydrophilic methacrylate resin-based sealer in obturating root canals. J Endod. 2005;31(9):659–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Zmener O, Pameijer CH, Serrano SA, Vidueira M, Macchi RL. Significance of moist root canal dentin with the use of methacrylate-based endodontic sealers: an in vitro coronal dye leakage study. J Endod. 2008;34(1):76–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Nikhil V, Singh V, Singh S. Relationship between sealing ability of Activ GP and Gutta flow and methods of calcium hydroxide removal. J Conserv Dent. 2012;15(1):41–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Alani A, Knowles JC, Chrzanowski W, Ng YL, Gulabivala K. Ion release characteristics, precipitate formation and sealing ability of a phosphate glass-polycaprolactone-based composite for use as a root canal obturation material. Dent Mater. 2009;25(3):400–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Carvalho CN, Martinelli JR, Bauer J, Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Bradaschia-Correa V, et al. Micropush-out dentine bond strength of a new gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass composite. Int Endod J. 2015;48(5):451–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Marending M, Bubenhofer SB, Sener B, De-Deus G. Primary assessment of a self-adhesive gutta-percha material. Int Endod J. 2013;46(4):317–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Mohn D, Zehnder M, Imfeld T, Stark WJ. Radio-opaque nanosized bioactive glass for potential root canal application: evaluation of radiopacity, bioactivity and alkaline capacity. Int Endod J. 2010;43(3):210–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. De-Deus G, Brandao MC, Fidel RA, Fidel SR. The sealing ability of GuttaFlow in oval-shaped canals: an ex vivo study using a polymicrobial leakage model. Int Endod J. 2007;40(10):794–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Elayouti A, Achleithner C, Lost C, Weiger R. Homogeneity and adaptation of a new gutta-percha paste to root canal walls. J Endod. 2005;31(9):687–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Camilleri J. Composition and setting reaction. In: Camilleri J, editor. Mineral trioxide aggregate in dentistry: from preparation to application. New York: Springer; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Koh ET, McDonald F, Pitt Ford TR, Torabinejad M. Cellular response to mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 1998;24(8):543–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Koh ET, Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR, Brady K, McDonald F. Mineral trioxide aggregate stimulates a biological response in human osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997;37(3):432–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Mente J, Geletneky B, Ohle M, Koch MJ, Friedrich Ding PG, Wolff D, et al. Mineral trioxide aggregate or calcium hydroxide direct pulp capping: an analysis of the clinical treatment outcome. J Endod. 2010;36(5):806–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Nair PN, Duncan HF, Pitt Ford TR, Luder HU. Histological, ultrastructural and quantitative investigations on the response of healthy human pulps to experimental capping with mineral trioxide aggregate: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2008;41(2):128–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR. Root end filling materials: a review. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12(4):161–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Baek SH, Plenk H Jr, Kim S. Periapical tissue responses and cementum regeneration with amalgam, SuperEBA, and MTA as root-end filling materials. J Endod. 2005;31(6):444–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Sarkar NK, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, Kawashima I. Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2005;31(2):97–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Martin RL, Monticelli F, Brackett WW, Loushine RJ, Rockman RA, Ferrari M, et al. Sealing properties of mineral trioxide aggregate orthograde apical plugs and root fillings in an in vitro apexification model. J Endod. 2007;33(3):272–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Holden DT, Schwartz SA, Kirkpatrick TC, Schindler WG. Clinical outcomes of artificial root-end barriers with mineral trioxide aggregate in teeth with immature apices. J Endod. 2008;34(7):812–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Witherspoon DE, Small JC, Regan JD, Nunn M. Retrospective analysis of open apex teeth obturated with mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2008;34(10):1171–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Giovarruscio M, Uccioli U, Malentacca A, Koller G, Foschi F, Mannocci F. A technique for placement of apical MTA plugs using modified Thermafil carriers for the filling of canals with wide apices. Int Endod J. 2013;46(1):88–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Ber BS, Hatton JF, Stewart GP. Chemical modification of proroot mta to improve handling characteristics and decrease setting time. J Endod. 2007;33(10):1231–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bortoluzzi EA, Broon NJ, Bramante CM, Felippe WT, Tanomaru Filho M, Esberard RM. The influence of calcium chloride on the setting time, solubility, disintegration, and pH of mineral trioxide aggregate and white Portland cement with a radiopacifier. J Endod. 2009;35(4):550–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Torabinejad M, Hong CU, McDonald F, Pitt Ford TR. Physical and chemical properties of a new root-end filling material. J Endod. 1995;21(7):349–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Johnson BR. Considerations in the selection of a root-end filling material. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;87(4):398–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Allison DA, Weber CR, Walton RE. The influence of the method of canal preparation on the quality of apical and coronal obturation. J Endod. 1979;5(10):298–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: a review. J Endod. 2004;30(8):559–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Marlin J, Schilder H. Physical properties of gutta-percha when subjected to heat and vertical condensation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1973;36(6):872–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Administration FDA. Memorandum to state drug officials. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Accepted dental therapeutics. 37th ed. Bethesda, MA: American Dental Associatio; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  154. IARC. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Int Agency Res Cancer Suppl. 1987;7:152–4.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Allard U, Andersson L. Exposure of dental personnel to chloroform in root-filling procedures. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1992;8(4):155–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Wennberg A, Orstavik D. Evaluation of alternatives to chloroform in endodontic practice. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1989;5(5):234–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Wourms DJ, Campbell AD, Hicks ML, Pelleu GB Jr. Alternative solvents to chloroform for gutta-percha removal. J Endod. 1990;16(5):224–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Hunter KR, Doblecki W, Pelleu GB Jr. Halothane and eucalyptol as alternatives to chloroform for softening gutta-percha. J Endod. 1991;17(7):310–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Grossman LI, Lally ET. Assessment of irritation potential of essential oils for root canal cement. J Endod. 1982;8(5):208–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Morse DR, Martell B, Pike CG, Fantasia J, Esposito JV, Furst ML. A comparative tissue toxicity evaluation of Gutta-percha root canal sealers. Part I Six-hour findings. J Endod. 1984;10(6):246–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Allison DA, Michelich RJ, Walton RE. The influence of master cone adaptation on the quality of the apical seal. J Endod. 1981;7(2):61–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Blum JY, Esber S, Micallef JP. Analysis of forces developed during obturations. Comparison of three gutta-percha techniques. J Endod. 1997;23(5):340–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Bailey GC, Cunnington SA, Ng YL, Gulabivala K, Setchell DJ. Ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha: the effect of power setting and activation time on temperature rise at the root surface—an in vitro study. Int Endod J. 2004;37(7):447–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Buchanan LS. The continuous wave of obturation technique: ‘centered’ condensation of warm gutta percha in 12 seconds. Dent Today. 1996;15(1):60–2. 64–67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Lipski M. Root surface temperature rises in vitro during root canal obturation with thermoplasticized gutta-percha on a carrier or by injection. J Endod. 2004;30(6):441–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Yee FS, Marlin J, Krakow AA, Gron P. Three-dimensional obturation of the root canal using injection-molded, thermoplasticized dental gutta-percha. J Endod. 1977;3(5):168–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Tanomaru-Filho M, Pinto RV, Bosso R, Nascimento CA, Berbert FL, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Evaluation of the thermoplasticity of gutta-percha and Resilon(R) using the Obtura II system at different temperature settings. Int Endod J. 2011;44(8):764–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Kontakiotis EG, Tzanetakis GN, Loizides AL. A 12-month longitudinal in vitro leakage study on a new silicon-based root canal filling material (Gutta-flow). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(6):854–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Mc SJ. Self-study course for the Thermatic condensation of Gutta-Percha. Toledo, OH: Ransomand Randolph; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Venturi M. Evaluation of canal filling after using two warm vertical gutta-percha compaction techniques in vivo: a preliminary study. Int Endod J. 2006;39(7):538–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Gencoglu N, Yildirim T, Garip Y, Karagenc B, Yilmaz H. Effectiveness of different gutta-percha techniques when filling experimental internal resorptive cavities. Int Endod J. 2008;41(10):836–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, de Moraes IG, Bernardineli N, Garcia RB, Gutmann JL. Analysis of the gutta-percha filled area in C-shaped mandibular molars obturated with a modified MicroSeal technique. Int Endod J. 2009;42(3):186–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Chu CH, Lo EC, Cheung GS. Outcome of root canal treatment using Thermafil and cold lateral condensation filling techniques. Int Endod J. 2005;38(3):179–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Gandolfi MG, Parrilli AP, Fini M, Prati C, Dummer PM. 3D micro-CT analysis of the interface voids associated with Thermafil root fillings used with AH plus or a flowable MTA sealer. Int Endod J. 2013;46(3):253–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Gopikrishna V, Parameswaren A. Coronal sealing ability of three sectional obturation techniques--SimpliFill, Thermafil and warm vertical compaction--compared with cold lateral condensation and post space preparation. Aust Endod J. 2006;32(3):95–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Mente J, Leo M, Panagidis D, Ohle M, Schneider S, Lorenzo Bermejo J, et al. Treatment outcome of mineral trioxide aggregate in open apex teeth. J Endod. 2013;39(1):20–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Combe EC, Cohen BD, Cummings K. Alpha- and beta-forms of gutta-percha in products for root canal filling. Int Endod J. 2001;34(6):447–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Gurgel-Filho ED, Andrade Feitosa JP, Teixeira FB, Monteiro de Paula RC, Araujo Silva JB, Souza-Filho FJ. Chemical and X-ray analyses of five brands of dental gutta-percha cone. Int Endod J. 2003;36(4):302–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Marciano J, Michailesco PM. Dental gutta-percha: chemical composition, X-ray identification, enthalpic studies, and clinical implications. J Endod. 1989;15(4):149–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Camps JJ, Pertot WJ, Escavy JY, Pravaz M. Young’s modulus of warm and cold gutta-percha. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12(2):50–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Clinton K, Van Himel T. Comparison of a warm gutta-percha obturation technique and lateral condensation. J Endod. 2001;27(11):692–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Dummer PM, McGinn JH, Rees DG. The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. Int Endod J. 1984;17(4):192–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Aminoshariae A, Kulild JC. Master apical file size—smaller or larger: a systematic review of healing outcomes. Int Endod J. 2015;48(7):639–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Gilhooly RM, Hayes SJ, Bryant ST, Dummer PM. Comparison of lateral condensation and thermomechanically compacted warm alpha-phase gutta-percha with a single cone for obturating curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91(1):89–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Goodman A, Schilder H, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. Part IV. A thermal profile of the warm gutta-percha packing procedure. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;51(5):544–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Venturi M, Di Lenarda R, Breschi L. An ex vivo comparison of three different gutta-percha cones when compacted at different temperatures: rheological considerations in relation to the filling of lateral canals. Int Endod J. 2006;39(8):648–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Pogrel MA. Permanent nerve damage from inferior alveolar nerve blocks--an update to include articaine. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2007;35(4):271–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Tilotta-Yasukawa F, Millot S, El Haddioui A, Bravetti P, Gaudy JF. Labiomandibular paresthesia caused by endodontic treatment: an anatomic and clinical study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(4):e47–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gambarini G, Plotino G, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Prencipe M, Messineo D, et al. Differential diagnosis of endodontic-related inferior alveolar nerve paraesthesia with cone beam computed tomography: a case report. Int Endod J. 2011;44(2):176–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Dodd RB, Dodds RN, Hocomb JB. An endodontically induced maxillary sinusitis. J Endod. 1984;10(10):504–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Yamaguchi K, Matsunaga T, Hayashi Y. Gross extrusion of endodontic obturation materials into the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1):131–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Kaplowitz GJ. Penetration of the maxillary sinus by overextended gutta percha cones. Report of two cases. Clin Prev Dent. 1985;7(2):28–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Liston PN, Walters RF. Foreign bodies in the maxillary antrum: a case report. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(4):344–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Costa F, Robiony M, Toro C, Sembronio S, Politi M. Endoscopically assisted procedure for removal of a foreign body from the maxillary sinus and contemporary endodontic surgical treatment of the tooth. Head Face Med. 2006;2:37.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  195. Fava LR. Calcium hydroxide paste in the maxillary sinus: a case report. Int Endod J. 1993;26(5):306–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Horre R, Schumacher G, Marklein G, Kromer B, Wardelmann E, Gilges S, et al. Case report. Maxillary sinus infection due to Emericella nidulans. Mycoses. 2002;45(9–10):402–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Orlay HG. Overfilling in root canal treatment. Two accidents with N2. Brit Dental J. 1966;120(8):376.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Yaltirik M, Kocak Berberoglu H, Koray M, Dulger O, Yildirim S, Aydil BA. Orbital pain and headache secondary to overfilling of a root canal. J Endod. 2003;29(11):771–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Haidar Z. Facial pain of uncommon origin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;63(6):748–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Patel S, Dawood A, Ford TP, Whaites E. The potential applications of cone beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems. Int Endod J. 2007;40(10):818–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Batur YB, Ersev H. Five-year follow-up of a root canal filling material in the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(4):e54–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Ishikawa M, Mizuno T, Yamazaki Y, Satoh T, Notani K, Fukuda H. Migration of gutta-percha point from a root canal into the ethmoid sinus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;42(1):58–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Bjorndal L, Amaloo C, Markvart M, Rud V, Qvortrup K, Stavnsbjerg C, et al. Maxillary sinus impaction of a Core carrier causing sustained apical periodontitis, sinusitis, and nasal stenosis: a 3-year follow-up. J Endod. 2016;42(12):1851–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Gutmann JL, Saunders WP, Saunders EM, Nguyen L. A assessment of the plastic Thermafil obturation technique. Part 1. Radiographic evaluation of adaptation and placement. Int Endod J. 1993;26(3):173–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Brooks JK, Kleinman JW. Retrieval of extensive gutta-percha extruded into the maxillary sinus: use of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2013;39(9):1189–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Khongkhunthian P, Reichart PA. Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus as a complication of overfilling root canal material into the sinus: report of two cases. J Endod. 2001;27(7):476–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Legent F, Billet J, Beauvillain C, Bonnet J, Miegeville M. The role of dental canal fillings in the development of Aspergillus sinusitis. A report of 85 cases. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1989;246(5):318–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Mensi M, Piccioni M, Marsili F, Nicolai P, Sapelli PL, Latronico N. Risk of maxillary fungus ball in patients with endodontic treatment on maxillary teeth: a case-control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(3):433–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Ahonen M, Tjaderhane L. Endodontic-related paresthesia: a case report and literature review. J Endod. 2011;37(10):1460–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Escoda-Francoli J, Canalda-Sahli C, Soler A, Figueiredo R, Gay-Escoda C. Inferior alveolar nerve damage because of overextended endodontic material: a problem of sealer cement biocompatibility? J Endod. 2007;33(12):1484–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Di Lenarda R, Cadenaro M, Stacchi C. Paresthesia of the mental nerve induced by periapical infection: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;90(6):746–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Giuliani M, Lajolo C, Deli G, Silveri C. Inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia caused by endodontic pathosis: a case report and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92(6):670–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Knowles KI, Jergenson MA, Howard JH. Paresthesia associated with endodontic treatment of mandibular premolars. J Endod. 2003;29(11):768–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Ngeow WC. Is there a “safety zone” in the mandibular premolar region where damage to the mental nerve can be avoided if periapical extrusion occurs? Canad Dental Assoc J. 2010;76:a61.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Poveda R, Bagan JV, Fernandez JM, Sanchis JM. Mental nerve paresthesia associated with endodontic paste within the mandibular canal: report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(5):e46–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Pelka M, Petschelt A. Permanent mimic musculature and nerve damage caused by sodium hypochlorite: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(3):e80–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Kruse A, Hellmich N, Luebbers HT, Gratz KW. Neurological deficit of the facial nerve after root canal treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(2):e46–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Pogrel MA. Damage to the inferior alveolar nerve as the result of root canal therapy. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(1):65–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Hume WR. Effect of eugenol on respiration and division in human pulp, mouse fibroblasts, and liver cells in vitro. J Dent Res. 1984;63(11):1262–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Morse DR. Endodontic-related inferior alveolar nerve and mental foramen paresthesia. Compend Contin Educ Dent (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 1997;18(10):963–8. 970–963, 976–968 passim; quiz 998

    Google Scholar 

  221. Cohenca N, Rotstein I. Mental nerve paresthesia associated with a non-vital tooth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12(6):298–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Jerjes W, Swinson B, Banu B, Al Khawalde M, Hopper C. Paraesthesia of the lip and chin area resolved by endodontic treatment: a case report and review of literature. Br Dent J. 2005;198(12):743–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Ozkan BT, Celik S, Durmus E. Paresthesia of the mental nerve stem from periapical infection of mandibular canine tooth: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105(5):e28–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Forman GH, Rood JP. Successful retrieval of endodontic material from the inferior alveolar nerve. J Dent. 1977;5(1):47–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Nitzan DW, Stabholz A, Azaz B. Concepts of accidental overfilling and overinstrumentation in the mandibular canal during root canal treatment. J Endod. 1983;9(2):81–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Fanibunda K, Whitworth J, Steele J. The management of thermomechanically compacted gutta percha extrusion in the inferior dental canal. Br Dent J. 1998;184(7):330–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. LaBanc JP, Epker BN. Serious inferior alveolar nerve dysesthesia after endodontic procedure: report of three cases. J Am Dent Assoc. 1984;108(4):605–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Farren ST, Sadoff RS, Penna KJ. Sodium hypochlorite chemical burn. Case report. N Y State Dent J. 2008;74(1):61–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Spangberg LS, Barbosa SV, Lavigne GD. AH 26 releases formaldehyde. J Endod. 1993;19(12):596–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Dan AE, Thygesen TH, Pinholt EM. Corticosteroid administration in oral and orthognathic surgery: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(9):2207–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Yeler H, Ozec I, Kilic E. Infection-related inferior alveolar and mental nerve paresthesia: case reports. Quintessence Int (Berlin, Germany: 1985). 2004;35(4):313–6.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Blanas N, Kienle F, Sandor GK. Inferior alveolar nerve injury caused by thermoplastic gutta-percha overextension. J Can Dent Assoc. 2004;70(6):384–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Scolozzi P, Lombardi T, Jaques B. Successful inferior alveolar nerve decompression for dysesthesia following endodontic treatment: report of 4 cases treated by mandibular sagittal osteotomy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97(5):625–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Donoff RB. Surgical management of inferior alveolar nerve injuries (part I): the case for early repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;53(11):1327–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Fleisher KE, Stevens MR. Diagnosis and management of inferior alveolar nerve injury. Compend Contin Educ Dent (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 1995;16(10):1028. 1031–1022, 1034–1040

    Google Scholar 

  236. Gregg JM. Surgical management of inferior alveolar nerve injuries (part II): the case for delayed management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;53(11):1330–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Orstavik D, Brodin P, Aas E. Paraesthesia following endodontic treatment: survey of the literature and report of a case. Int Endod J. 1983;16(4):167–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Patel S, Dawood A, Wilson R, Horner K, Mannocci F. The detection and management of root resorption lesions using intraoral radiography and cone beam computed tomography - an in vivo investigation. Int Endod J. 2009;42(9):831–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Patel S, Horner K. The use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2009;42(9):755–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Bornstein MM, Wiest R, Balsiger R, Reichart PA. Anterior Stafne’s bone cavity mimicking a periapical lesion of endodontic origin: report of two cases. J Endod. 2009;35(11):1598–602.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. de Paula-Silva FW, Wu MK, Leonardo MR, da Silva LA, Wesselink PR. Accuracy of periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography scans in diagnosing apical periodontitis using histopathological findings as a gold standard. J Endod. 2009;35(7):1009–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Rodrigues CD, Villar-Neto MJ, Sobral AP, Da Silveira MM, Silva LB, Estrela C. Lymphangioma mimicking apical periodontitis. J Endod. 2011;37(1):91–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Simon JH, Enciso R, Malfaz JM, Roges R, Bailey-Perry M, Patel A. Differential diagnosis of large periapical lesions using cone-beam computed tomography measurements and biopsy. J Endod. 2006;32(9):833–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Yaltirik M, Ozbas H, Erisen R. Surgical management of overfilling of the root canal: a case report. Quintessence Int (Berlin, Germany: 1985). 2002;33(9):670–2.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Grotz KA, Al-Nawas B, de Aguiar EG, Schulz A, Wagner W. Treatment of injuries to the inferior alveolar nerve after endodontic procedures. Clin Oral Investig. 1998;2(2):73–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Fanibunda KB. Adverse response to endodontic material containing paraformaldehyde. Br Dent J. 1984;157(7):231–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. (ISO) IOfS. Dentistry - Preclinical evaluation of biocompatibility of medical devices used in dentistry - Test methods for dental materials. ISO 7405 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  248. (ISO) IOfS. International Standard. Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices - Part 12: Sample Preparation and Reference Materials. Second Edition. ISO 10993–12 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  249. (ANSI/ADA) ANSIADA. Specification No. 41: Recommended standard practices for biological evaluation of dental materials. ADA41-2005D.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology on quality guidelines for endodontic treatment. Int Endod J 1994;27(3):115–24.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Gambarini G, Romeo U, Tucci E, Gerosa R, Nocca G, Lupi A, et al. Cytotoxicity of epiphany SE endodontic sealer: a comparative in vitro study. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15(4):Pi15–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Geurtsen W, Leyhausen G. Biological aspects of root canal filling materials--histocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity. Clin Oral Investig. 1997;1(1):5–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Tepel J, Darwisch el Sawaf M, Hoppe W. Reaction of inflamed periapical tissue to intracanal medicaments and root canal sealers. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1994;10(5):233–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Nair PN, Sjogren U, Krey G, Sundqvist G. Therapy-resistant foreign body giant cell granuloma at the periapex of a root-filled human tooth. J Endod. 1990;16(12):589–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Pascon EA, Spangberg LS. In vitro cytotoxicity of root canal filling materials: 1. Gutta-percha. J Endod. 1990;16(9):429–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Scotti R, Tiozzo R, Parisi C, Croce MA, Baldissara P. Biocompatibility of various root canal filling materials ex vivo. Int Endod J. 2008;41(8):651–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Langeland K. Root canal sealants and pastes. Dent Clin N Am. 1974;18(2):309–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Branstetter J, von Fraunhofer JA. The physical properties and sealing action of endodontic sealer cements: a review of the literature. J Endod. 1982;8(7):312–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Zmener O. Tissue response to a new methacrylate-based root canal sealer: preliminary observations in the subcutaneous connective tissue of rats. J Endod. 2004;30(5):348–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Ferracane JL, Condon JR. Rate of elution of leachable components from composite. Dent Mater. 1990;6(4):282–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Boiesen J, Brodin P. Neurotoxic effect of two root canal sealers with calcium hydroxide on rat phrenic nerve in vitro. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1991;7(6):242–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Serper A, Ucer O, Onur R, Etikan I. Comparative neurotoxic effects of root canal filling materials on rat sciatic nerve. J Endod. 1998;24(9):592–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Kawakami T, Nakamura C, Eda S. Effects of the penetration of a root canal filling material into the mandibular canal. 1. Tissue reaction to the material. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1991;7(1):36–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Briseno BM, Willershausen B. Root canal sealer cytotoxicity with human gingival fibroblasts. III. Calcium hydroxide-based sealers. J Endod. 1992;18(3):110–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Seidler B. Irrationalized endodontics: N2 and us too. J Am Dent Assoc. 1974;89(6):1318–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Sargenti A. Rationalised root canal treatment and the use of cortico-steroids. J Br Endod Soc. 1967;1(1):11–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Montgomery S. Paresthesia following endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1976;2(11):345–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Kaufman AY, Rosenberg L. Paresthesia caused by Endomethasone. J Endod. 1980;6(4):529–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Brodin P. Neurotoxic and analgesic effects of root canal cements and pulp-protecting dental materials. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1988;4(1):1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Allard KU. Paraesthesia--a consequence of a controversial root-filling material? A case report. Int Endod J. 1986;19(4):205–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Block RM, Lewis RD, Hirsch J, Coffey J, Langeland K. Systemic distribution of 14C-labeled paraformaldehyde incorporated within Formocresol following pulpotomies in dogs. J Endod. 1983;9(5):176–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Rowe AH. Damage to the inferior dental nerve during or following endodontic treatment. Br Dent J. 1983;155(9):306–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Briseno BM, Willershausen B. Root canal sealer cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts: 2. Silicone- and resin-based sealers. J Endod. 1991;17(11):537–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Schwandt NW, Gound TG. Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin “Russian red” endodontic therapy. J Endod. 2003;29(7):435–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Vranas RN, Hartwell GR, Moon PC. The effect of endodontic solutions on resorcinol-formalin paste. J Endod. 2003;29(1):69–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Parsons JR, Walton RE, Ricks-Williamson L. In vitro longitudinal assessment of coronal discoloration from endodontic sealers. J Endod. 2001;27(11):699–702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Davis MC, Walton RE, Rivera EM. Sealer distribution in coronal dentin. J Endod. 2002;28(6):464–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Partovi M, Al-Havvaz AH, Soleimani B. In vitro computer analysis of crown discolouration from commonly used endodontic sealers. Aust Endod J. 2006;32(3):116–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Elkhazin M. Analysis of coronal discoloration from common obturation materials. An in vitro spectrophotometry study. Saarbruecken: Lambert Academic Publishing; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Bakland LK. Management of traumatically injured pulps in immature teeth using MTA. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2000;28(11):855–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Naik S, Hegde AH. Mineral trioxide aggregate as a pulpotomy agent in primary molars: an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2005;23(1):13–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Maroto M, Barberia E, Planells P, Garcia GF. Dentin bridge formation after mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomies in primary teeth. Am J Dent. 2005;18(3):151–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Song JS, Mante FK, Romanow WJ, Kim S. Chemical analysis of powder and set forms of Portland cement, gray ProRoot MTA, white ProRoot MTA, and gray MTA-angelus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(6):809–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Bortoluzzi EA, Araujo GS, Guerreiro Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M. Marginal gingiva discoloration by gray MTA: a case report. J Endod. 2007;33(3):325–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Gutmann JL, Creel DC, Bowles WH. Evaluation of heat transfer during root canal obturation with thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Part I. In vitro heat levels during extrusion. J Endod. 1987;13(8):378–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Gutmann JL, Rakusin H, Powe R, Bowles WH. Evaluation of heat transfer during root canal obturation with thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Part II. In vivo response to heat levels generated. J Endod. 1987;13(9):441–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T. Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone tissue injury: a vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50(1):101–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Lipski M. In vitro infrared thermographic assessment of root surface temperatures generated by high-temperature thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha obturation technique. J Endod. 2006;32(5):438–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Sweatman TL, Baumgartner JC, Sakaguchi RL. Radicular temperatures associated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha. J Endod. 2001;27(8):512–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Satterthwaite JD, Stokes AN, Frankel NT. Potential for temperature change during application of ultrasonic vibration to intra-radicular posts. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2003;11(2):51–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Kreisler M, Al-Haj H, D'Hoedt B. Intrapulpal temperature changes during root surface irradiation with an 809-nm GaAlAs laser. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93(6):730–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Atrizadeh F, Kennedy J, Zander H. Ankylosis of teeth following thermal injury. J Periodontal Res. 1971;6(3):159–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. McCullagh JJ, Biagioni PA, Lamey PJ, Hussey DL. Thermographic assessment of root canal obturation using thermomechanical compaction. Int Endod J. 1997;30(3):191–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Floren JW, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Kimbrough WF. Changes in root surface temperatures with in vitro use of the system B HeatSource. J Endod. 1999;25(9):593–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Romero AD, Green DB, Wucherpfennig AL. Heat transfer to the periodontal ligament during root obturation procedures using an in vitro model. J Endod. 2000;26(2):85–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Behnia A, McDonald NJ. In vitro infrared thermographic assessment of root surface temperatures generated by the thermafil plus system. J Endod. 2001;27(3):203–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Blanas N, Kienle F, Sandor GK. Injury to the inferior alveolar nerve due to thermoplastic gutta percha. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60(5):574–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Ulusoy OI, Yilmazoglu MZ, Gorgul G. Effect of several thermoplastic canal filling techniques on surface temperature rise on roots with simulated internal resorption cavities: an infrared thermographic analysis. Int Endod J. 2015;48(2):171–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Rivera EM, Walton RE. Longitudinal tooth fractures: findings that contribute to complex endodontic diagnoses. Endod Top. 2007;16(1):82–111.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Wilcox LR, Roskelley C, Sutton T. The relationship of root canal enlargement to finger-spreader induced vertical root fracture. J Endod. 1997;23(8):533–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Meister F Jr, Lommel TJ, Gerstein H. Diagnosis and possible causes of vertical root fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;49(3):243–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Saw LH, Messer HH. Root strains associated with different obturation techniques. J Endod. 1995;21(6):314–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Pitts DL, Matheny HE, Nicholls JI. An in vitro study of spreader loads required to cause vertical root fracture during lateral condensation. J Endod. 1983;9(12):544–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Hammad M, Qualtrough A, Silikas N. Effect of new obturating materials on vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod. 2007;33(6):732–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Gharai SR, Thorpe JR, Strother JM, McClanahan SB. Comparison of generated forces and apical microleakage using nickel-titanium and stainless steel finger spreaders in curved canals. J Endod. 2005;31(3):198–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Dang DA, Walton RE. Vertical root fracture and root distortion: effect of spreader design. J Endod. 1989;15(7):294–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Blum JY, Cathala C, Machtou P, Micallef JP. Analysis of the endogrammes developed during obturations on extracted teeth using system B. J Endod. 2001;27(11):661–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Doyon GE, Dumsha T, von Fraunhofer JA. Fracture resistance of human root dentin exposed to intracanal calcium hydroxide. J Endod. 2005;31(12):895–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Berry KA, Loushine RJ, Primack PD, Runyan DA. Nickel-titanium versus stainless-steel finger spreaders in curved canals. J Endod. 1998;24(11):752–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Tidswell HE, Saunders EM, Saunders WP. Assessment of coronal leakage in teeth root filled with gutta-percha and a glass of ionomer root canal sealer. Int Endod J. 1994;27(4):208–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Dalat DM, Spangberg LS. Comparison of apical leakage in root canals obturated with various gutta percha techniques using a dye vacuum tracing method. J Endod. 1994;20(7):315–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Lopes HP, Neves MA, Elias CN, Moreira EJ, Siqueira JF Jr. Comparison of some physical properties of finger spreaders made of stainless steel or nickel-titanium alloys. Clin Oral Investig. 2011;15(5):661–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Shahi S, Shakouie S, Rahimi S, Yavari HR, Mohammadi N, Abdolrahimi M. Comparison of apical microleakage using Ni-Ti with stainless steel finger spreaders. Iranian Endod J. 2009;4(4):149–51.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Wilson BL, Baumgartner JC. Comparison of spreader penetration during lateral compaction of .04 and .02 tapered gutta-percha. J Endod. 2003;29(12):828–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Onnink PA, Davis RD, Wayman BE. An in vitro comparison of incomplete root fractures associated with three obturation techniques. J Endod. 1994;20(1):32–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Toure B, Faye B, Kane AW, Lo CM, Niang B, Boucher Y. Analysis of reasons for extraction of endodontically treated teeth: a prospective study. J Endod. 2011;37(11):1512–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Seo DG, Yi YA, Shin SJ, Park JW. Analysis of factors associated with cracked teeth. J Endod. 2012;38(3):288–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Ozer SY. Detection of vertical root fractures by using cone beam computed tomography with variable voxel sizes in an in vitro model. J Endod. 2011;37(1):75–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Edlund M, Nair MK, Nair UP. Detection of vertical root fractures by using cone-beam computed tomography: a clinical study. J Endod. 2011;37(6):768–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Private Practice, GPT Clinic, Rome, Italy

    Gianluca Plotino

  2. Private Practice, Bologna, Italy

    Mauro Venturi

  3. Catholic University of Sacred Heart - Rome, Italy and Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy

    Nicola Maria Grande (Professor of Endodontics)

Authors
  1. Gianluca Plotino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mauro Venturi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicola Maria Grande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gianluca Plotino .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endodontics, Apex Medical Clinics, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Priyanka Jain

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Plotino, G., Venturi, M., Grande, N.M. (2018). Complications due to Root Canal Filling Procedures. In: Jain, P. (eds) Common Complications in Endodontics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60997-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60997-3_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60996-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60997-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation