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Introduction

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Law, Politics and the Limits of Prosecuting Mass Atrocity

Part of the book series: Human Rights Interventions ((HURIIN))

Abstract

Justifying his concern with those who prosecute mass atrocity, Rogers introduces two new concepts to the academic debate on international criminal justice. This chapter argues that a discourse against politico-cruelty emerged in the nineteenth century, but can be best comprehended as a modernist reaction against those who inflict unnecessary suffering on others. Borrowing from Foucault’s notion of silent war, the chapter also argues that prosecutions of mass atrocity can form part of a largely unacknowledged war that is fought, not by states and their militaries, but by utopian movements seeking to radically remake their society through violent means. The book’s critical perspective and tripartite structure are explained too.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Gérard Prunier, Africa’s World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

  2. 2.

    William Schabas, Unimaginable Atrocities: Justice, Politics, and Rights at the War Crimes Tribunals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 22.

  3. 3.

    Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity (London: Little Brown, 2009), 55.

  4. 4.

    Ralph Pettman, World Politics: Rationalism and Beyond (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 26.

  5. 5.

    Gerry Simpson, Law, War and Crime: War Crimes Trials and the Reinvention of International Law (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), 51.

  6. 6.

    Allison Martson Danner, “Constructing a Hierarchy of Crimes in International Criminal Law Sentencing,” Virginia Law Review 87(3) (2001): 476–477.

  7. 7.

    Ann Sagan, “African Criminals/African Victims: The Institutionalised Production of Cultural Narratives in International Criminal Law,” Millennium—Journal of International Studies 39(3) (2010): 14.

  8. 8.

    Luc Reydams, Jan Wouters and Cedric Ryngaert, “Introduction,” in International Prosecutors, ed. Reydams et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 2.

  9. 9.

    Gregory Townsend, “Structure and Management,” in International Prosecutors, ed. Reydams et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 173.

  10. 10.

    See, for instance: International Criminal Court Report of the International Criminal Court for 2004 (A/60/177, 1 August 2005).

  11. 11.

    See, for instance, Robert H. Jackson, “The Trials of War Criminals: An Experiment in International Legal Understanding,” American Bar Association Journal 32 (1946): 319.

  12. 12.

    Reydams, Wouters and Ryngaert, “Introduction,” 2.

  13. 13.

    Richard J. Goldstone, For Humanity: Reflections of a War Crimes Investigator (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2000), 91; and Carla Del Ponte in collaboration with Chuck Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor: Confrontations with Humanity’s Worst Criminals and the Culture of Impunity (New York: Other Press, 2009), 10, 43–44 & 101–102.

  14. 14.

    Schabas, Unimaginable Atrocities, 3.

  15. 15.

    Mark Drumbl, “International Criminal Law: Taking Stock of a Busy Decade,” Melbourne Journal of International Law 10(1) (2009): 15.

  16. 16.

    Sara Kendall, “Critical orientations: A critique of international criminal court practice,” in Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law: An Introduction, ed. Christine Schwöbel (New York: Routledge, 2014), 55–56.

  17. 17.

    Kendall, “Critical orientations,” 56.

  18. 18.

    Del Ponte with Sedutic, Madame Prosecutor, 18.

  19. 19.

    Marieke Wierda and Anthony Triolo, “Resources,” in International Prosecutors, ed. Reydams et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 114.

  20. 20.

    Reydams, Wouters and Ryngaert, “Introduction,” 2.

  21. 21.

    See, for instance: Luc Reydams, Jan Wouters and Cedric Ryngaert eds., International Prosecutors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

  22. 22.

    See, for instance, Robert Cryer et al., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

  23. 23.

    See Del Ponte with Sedutic, Madame Prosecutor.

  24. 24.

    Immi Tallgren, “The Sensibility and Sense of International Criminal Law,” European Journal of International Law 13(3) (2002): 593–594. Contrast that with Del Ponte’s view that “social conditions and culture do not produce war crimes. People commit war crimes, people egged on by political and military leaders.” Del Ponte with Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor, 36.

  25. 25.

    Schabas, Unimaginable Atrocities, 88 & 3.

  26. 26.

    Martti Koskenniemi, The Politics of International Law (Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2011), 260.

  27. 27.

    Simpson, Law, War and Crime, 132.

  28. 28.

    Andrew Heywood, Politics (New York: Palgrave, 2013), 3–12.

  29. 29.

    Pettman, World Politics, 6.

  30. 30.

    See Antonia Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, eds. and trans. Quinten Hoare and Geffrry Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971).

  31. 31.

    Tor Krever, “International Criminal Law: An Ideology Critique,” Leiden Journal of International Law 26(3) (2013): 707.

  32. 32.

    Simpson, Law, War and Crime, 142.

  33. 33.

    John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta Books, 1998), 1.

  34. 34.

    Franco Archibugi, “Between neo-Capitalism and post-Capitalism: A Challenging Turn for Societal Reform,” International Review of Sociology 18(3) (2008): 509.

  35. 35.

    Ernest Mandel, “The Economics of Neo-Capitalism,” The Socialist Register (1964): 56.

  36. 36.

    Clive Hamilton, Growth Fetish (London, Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Press, 2003), 63–64.

  37. 37.

    Maria Bargh ed., Resistance: An Indigenous Response to Neoliberalism (Wellington: Huia Publishers, 2007), 1.

  38. 38.

    Jane Kelsey, Serving Whose Interests? The Political Economy of Trade Services Agreements (Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish, 2008), 2–3.

  39. 39.

    John Gray, Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia (London: Penguin, 2007), 75.

  40. 40.

    David P. Forsythe, The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 16.

  41. 41.

    Michael Barnett, Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2013), 18; see also Michael J. Struett, The Politics of Constructing the International Criminal Court: NGOs, Discourse, and Agency (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 51.

  42. 42.

    Gary J. Bass, Freedom’s Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), 7–8.

  43. 43.

    Bass, Freedom’s Battle, 28.

  44. 44.

    Bass, Freedom’s Battle, 6–7.

  45. 45.

    Simpson, Law, War and Crime, 45.

  46. 46.

    Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 2.

  47. 47.

    Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 600.

  48. 48.

    Simpson, Law, War and Crime, 24, 20, 142 & 113.

  49. 49.

    Dan Edelstein, “Hostis Humani Generis: Devils, Natural Right, and Terror in the French Revolution,” Telos 141 (2007): 63.

  50. 50.

    Edelstein, “Hostis Humani Generis,” 66.

  51. 51.

    Richard J. Goldstone and Adam M. Smith, International Judicial Institutions: The Architecture of International Justice at Home and Abroad (London and New York: Routledge, 2009), 12.

  52. 52.

    Geoffrey Robertson, Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (London: Penguin, 2008), 240.

  53. 53.

    Goldstone and Smith, International Judicial Institutions, 12.

  54. 54.

    Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 1.

  55. 55.

    Jody Greene, “Hostis Humani Generis,” Critical Inquiry 34(4) (2008): 701.

  56. 56.

    Greene, “Hostis Humani Generis,” 702.

  57. 57.

    Simpson, Law, War and Crime, 161.

  58. 58.

    Greene, “Hostis Humani Generis,” 694.

  59. 59.

    Koskenniemi, Politics of International Law, 178.

  60. 60.

    Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), 131.

  61. 61.

    Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 1.

  62. 62.

    Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View (London: Plimco, 1991), 282.

  63. 63.

    Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 9.

  64. 64.

    Ralph Pettman, World Affairs: An Analytical Overview (Singapore: World Scientific, 2010), 193. (Emphasis in original.)

  65. 65.

    Barry Buzan and George Lawson, The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 1.

  66. 66.

    Gray, Black Mass, 14.

  67. 67.

    Pettman, World Politics, 42.

  68. 68.

    Pettman, World Politics, 46.

  69. 69.

    S.N. Eisenstadt, “Multiple Modernities,” Daedalus 129(1) (2000): 9 & 11; see also John Gray, Al Qaeda and What it Means to be Modern (London: Faber and Faber, 2003), 3.

  70. 70.

    Koskenniemi, Politics of International Law, at 69.

  71. 71.

    Gray, Black Mass, 37 & 69.

  72. 72.

    Eisenstadt,“Multiple Modernities,” 3.

  73. 73.

    Gray, Black Mass, 17.

  74. 74.

    Michael McKinley, Economic Globalisation as Religious War: Tragic Convergence (Oxon: Routledge, 2007). 87.

  75. 75.

    McKinley, Economic Globalisation, 87.

  76. 76.

    Drumbl, “Taking Stock,” 2.

  77. 77.

    Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Auckland: Penguin, 1974), especially “Book One: On the Nature of War.”

  78. 78.

    Michel Foucault, “Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the College De France, 1975–76, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), 15–16.

  79. 79.

    See Cryer et al., An Introduction, 267.

  80. 80.

    David Luban, “Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare,” Case Western International Law Review 43 (2010): 457.

  81. 81.

    Eve La Haye, War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 6.

  82. 82.

    Carl Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York: Telos Press Publishing, 2006), 352.

  83. 83.

    Simpson, Law, War and Crime, 92 & 13.

  84. 84.

    Robertson, Crimes Against Humanity, 249.

  85. 85.

    Koskenniemi, Politics of International Law, 171.

  86. 86.

    Koskenniemi, Politics of International Law, 183 & 190.

  87. 87.

    Steven Kay and Gillian Higgins, “The Right of Self-Representation—The Lawyers in the Eye of the Storm” (2010) International Criminal Law Bureau, available at http://www.internationallawbureau.com/index.php/author/steven-kay/page/6.

  88. 88.

    See, for instance: Kendall, “Critical orientations”; Koskenniemi, Politics of International Law; Krever, “Ideology Critique”; Sagan, “African Criminals/African Victims”; Simpson, Law, War and Crime; and Tallgren, “Sensibility and Sense.”

  89. 89.

    Foucault, “Society Must be Defended,” 7.

  90. 90.

    Krever, “International Criminal Law,” 723.

  91. 91.

    Koskenniemi, Politics of International Law, 130.

  92. 92.

    Robert W. Cox, “Social Forces, Sates and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory,” Millennium—Journal of International Studies 10(2) (1981): 129.

  93. 93.

    Kamari Maxine Clarke, Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 239.

  94. 94.

    Frédéric Mégret, “International criminal justice: a critical research agenda,” in Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law: An Introduction, ed. Christine Schwöbel (New York: Routledge, 2014), 18.

  95. 95.

    Krever, “International Criminal Law,” 702.

  96. 96.

    Pettman, World Politics, 8.

  97. 97.

    Reydams et al., “Introduction,” 1.

  98. 98.

    Ralph Pettman, Psychopathology and World Politics (Singapore: World Scientific, 2012), 203.

  99. 99.

    Struett, Constructing the Court, 32.

  100. 100.

    Christine Schwöbel, ed., Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law: An Introduction (London and New York: Routledge, 2014), 3.

  101. 101.

    Charles Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason (New York: Vintage Books, 2005).

  102. 102.

    Krever, “International Criminal Law,” 704.

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    Damien Rogers

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Rogers, D. (2018). Introduction. In: Law, Politics and the Limits of Prosecuting Mass Atrocity. Human Rights Interventions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60994-2_1

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