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Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction pp 31–45Cite as

Congenital Malformations and Developmental Changes of the Breast: A Dysmorphological View

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Abstract

Congenital malformations of the breast and nipple-areolar complex are described from the aspect of neonatal dysmorphology. Their classification is based on the accepted nomenclature in the medical literature and on our own special method of clinical examination. The developmental changes of the breast are also presented. Except for amastia, polymastia, and polythelia, which have received much attention, the data for many other breast malformations are sparse. Case-control studies or even case series are rare, and good evidence is often lacking. In addition, more studies are needed to complete the map of genes involved in breast development. This information will contribute substantially to our understanding and clinical approach to breast malformations in the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neonatology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center and Rabin Medical Center, Tetach Tikva, Israel

    Paul Merlob M.D.

  2. Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

    Paul Merlob M.D.

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  1. Private Practice, Tustin, California, USA

    Melvin A. Shiffman

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Merlob, P. (2018). Congenital Malformations and Developmental Changes of the Breast: A Dysmorphological View. In: Shiffman, M. (eds) Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60925-6_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60925-6_2

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