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Acquisition of Oocyte Polarity

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Oocytes

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 63))

Abstract

Acquisition of oocyte polarity involves complex translocation and aggregation of intracellular organelles, RNAs, and proteins, along with strict posttranscriptional regulation. While much is still unknown regarding the formation of the animal-vegetal axis, an early marker of polarity, animal models have contributed to our understanding of these early processes controlling normal oogenesis and embryo development. In recent years, it has become clear that proteins with self-assembling properties are involved in assembling discrete subcellular compartments or domains underlying subcellular asymmetries in the early mitotic and meiotic cells of the female germline. These include asymmetries in duplication of the centrioles and formation of centrosomes and assembly of the organelle and RNA-rich Balbiani body, which plays a critical role in oocyte polarity. Notably, at specific stages of germline development, these transient structures in oocytes are temporally coincident and align with asymmetries in the position and arrangement of nuclear components, such as the nuclear pore and the chromosomal bouquet and the centrioles and cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm. Formation of these critical, transient structures and arrangements involves microtubule pathways, intrinsically disordered proteins (proteins with domains that tend to be fluid or lack a rigid ordered three-dimensional structure ranging from random coils, globular domains, to completely unstructured proteins), and translational repressors and activators. This review aims to examine recent literature and key players in oocyte polarity.

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Abbreviations

γ-Tub:

Gamma-tubulin

Ana1:

Anastral spindle 1

AnVg:

Animal-vegetal axis

Asl:

Asterless

Bb:

Balbiani body

Bcd:

Bicoid

BRE:

Bruno response elements

Bru:

Bruno

Buc:

Bucky ball

Cep135:

Centrosomal protein of 135 kDa

Cnn:

Centrosomin

Cp110:

Centrosomal protein of 110 kDa

CPEB:

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein

Dazl:

Deleted in azoospermia-like

Dplp:

Pericentrin-like protein

Glo:

Glorund

Grk:

Gurken

hnRNP:

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein

HTS:

Huli-tai-shao

IDR:

Intrinsically disordered proteins

INM:

Inner nuclear membrane

KASH:

Klarsicht, ANC-1, and Syne homology

KR rich:

Lysine/arginine rich

LINC:

Linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton

Macf1:

Microtubule actin cross-linking factor 1

METRO:

Messenger transport organizer

Mgn:

Magellan

MT:

Microtubules

MTOC:

Microtubule organizing center

NE:

Nuclear envelope

Nos:

Nanos

NP:

Nuclear pore

NRE:

Nanos response elements

ONM:

Outer nuclear membrane

Orb:

oo18 RNA binding protein

Osk:

Oskar

P bodies:

Processing bodies

PCM:

Pericentriolar material

PGC:

Primordial germ cells

piRNA:

Piwi-interacting RNA

PLD:

Prion-like domain

Plk4:

Polo-like kinase 4

Plp:

Pericentrin-like protein

Pum:

Pumilio

Rbpms2:

RNA binding protein with multiple splice isoforms 2

RNAbps:

RNA binding proteins

RNP:

Ribonucleoprotein

Sas-4:

Something about silencing 4

Sas-5:

Something about silencing 5

Sas-6:

Something about silencing 6

Smg:

Smaug

Spd-2:

Spindle-defective protein 2

SRE:

Smaug response elements

STIL:

SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus

SUN:

UNC-84

TCE:

Translational control element

TGF-α:

Transforming growth factor alpha

Xvelo:

Vegetally localized

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Acknowledgments

Alexa Clapp is supported by an Einstein REI fellowship. Research on oocyte polarity and the germline in the Marlow lab is supported by NIHR01GM089979 and start-up funds to FLM. We are grateful to Odelya Kaufman for the fun discussions and critical reading and comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

    Mara Clapp & Florence L. Marlow

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

    Florence L. Marlow

  3. Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA

    Florence L. Marlow

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  1. Mara Clapp
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  2. Florence L. Marlow
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Correspondence to Florence L. Marlow .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

    Malgorzata Kloc

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Clapp, M., Marlow, F.L. (2017). Acquisition of Oocyte Polarity. In: Kloc, M. (eds) Oocytes. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 63. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_4

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