Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuro-Oncologic Considerations in Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery

  • 1565 Accesses

Abstract

Primary orbital and periorbital tumors are rare in children and usually benign (Khan and Sepahdari Saudi J Ophthalmol 26(4):373–383, 2012). While some may threaten life, others may cause vision loss and disfigurement. For tumors that threaten only vision, treatment should balance the potential benefit of vision preservation against the potential late effects of surgery and other therapies. Clinical management of orbital tumors varies depending on tumor type and can present challenges to the oculoplastic surgeon. These tumors are best treated by a team of physicians with expertise in the orbital surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology as well as any underlying genetic predisposition.

Epidemiological information about orbital and periorbital tumors is scant and often derives from major referral centers whose data may be skewed by population bias based on the orbital tumors in which they specialize (Shields et al. Ophthalmology 111(5):997–1008, 2004; Kodsi et al. Am J Ophthalmol 117(2):177–182, 1994). A review of these reports demonstrates that the most common masses that arise in or near the orbit include benign cysts, inflammatory masses, and vascular lesions, accounting for 50–75% of patients seen (Browning and Camitta Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 19(5):340–344, 2003). Masses that are frequently managed with the input of a pediatric neuro-oncologist include benign or malignant tumors with intracranial extension, those that threaten to invade intracranially or that are commonly seen in genetic tumor predisposition syndromes (such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2). This chapter will review the most common primary orbital tumors, including optic pathway or optic nerve gliomas, optic nerve sheath meningiomas, orbital/periorbital plexiform neurofibromas (OPPN), and orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. It will review the epidemiology of these masses, their common clinical and radiographic presentations, their diagnosis and treatment considerations, as well as areas of future research. This chapter is not exhaustive, but is intended to provide an introduction to the concerns and considerations of the pediatric oncologist when considering orbital and periorbital masses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Khan SN, Sepahdari AR. Orbital masses: CT and MRI of common vascular lesions, benign tumors, and malignancies. Saudi J Ophthalmol Off J Saudi J Ophthalmol Soc. 2012;26(4):373–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Shields JA, Shields CL, Scartozzi R. Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: The 2002 Montgomery Lecture, part 1. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(5):997–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kodsi SR, Shetlar DJ, Campbell RJ, Garrity JA, Bartley GB. A review of 340 orbital tumors in children during a 60-year period. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(2):177–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Browning MB, Camitta BM. The surgeon’s role in pediatric orbital malignancies: an oncologist’s perspective. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;19(5):340–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dutton JJ. Gliomas of the anterior visual pathways. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;38:427–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. King A, Listernick R, Charrow J, Piersall L, Gutmann DH. Optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis type 1: the effect of presenting symptoms on outcome. Am J Med Genet A. 2003;122A(2):95–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Listernick R, Charrow J, Greenwald M, Mets M. Natural history of optic pathway tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a longitudinal study. J Pediatr. 1994;125:63–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Listernick R, Louis DN, Packer RJ, Gutmann DH. Optic pathway gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis 1: consensus statement from the NF1 optic pathway glioma task force. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:143–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Listernick R, Ferner RE, Liu GT, Gutmann DH. Optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis-1: controversies and recommendations. Ann Neurol. 2007;61(3):189–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Balcer LJ, Liu GT, Heller G, et al. Visual loss in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and optic pathway gliomas: relation to tumor location by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:442–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Listernick R, Ferner RE, Piersall L, Sharif S, Gutmann DH, Charrow J. Late-onset optic pathway tumors in children with neurofibromatosis 1. Neurology. 2004;63(10):1944–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cassiman C, Legius E, Spileers W, Casteels I. Ophthalmological assessment of children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(10):1327–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tow SL, Chandela S, Miller NR, Avellino AM. Long-term outcome in children with gliomas of the anterior visual pathway. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28(4):262–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fisher MJ, Loguidice M, Gutmann DH, et al. Visual outcomes in children with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated optic pathway glioma following chemotherapy: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Neuro-Oncology. 2012;14(6):790–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Diggs-Andrews KA, Brown JA, Gianino SM, Rubin JB, Wozniak DF, Gutmann DH. Sex is a major determinant of neuronal dysfunction in neurofibromatosis type 1. Ann Neurol. 2014;75(2):309–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Fisher MJ, Loguidice M, Gutmann DH, et al. Gender as a disease modifier in neurofibromatosis type 1 optic pathway glioma. Ann Neurol. 2014;75(5):799–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hersh JH. Health supervision for children with neurofibromatosis. Pediatrics. 2008;121(3):633–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shields JA, Shields CL. Pediatric ocular and periocular tumors. Pediatr Ann. 2001;30(8):491–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Leonard JR, Perry A, Rubin JB, King AA, Chicoine MR, Gutmann DH. The role of surgical biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma in individuals with neurofibromatosis-1. Neurology. 2006;67(8):1509–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chateil JF, Soussotte C, Pedespan JM, Brun M, Le Manh C, Diard F. MRI and clinical differences between optic pathway tumours in children with and without neurofibromatosis. Brit J Radiol. 2001;74(877):24–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Purohit BS, Vargas MI, Ailianou A, et al. Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging. Insights Imaging. 2015;7(1):43–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Ji J, Shimony J, Gao F, McKinstry RC, Gutmann DH. Optic nerve tortuosity in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43(10):1336–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Levin MH, Armstrong GT, Broad JH, et al. Risk of optic pathway glioma in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and optic nerve tortuosity or nerve sheath thickening. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;100(4):510–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hoffman HJ, Soloniuk DS, Humphreys RP, et al. Management and outcome of low-grade astrocytomas of the midline in children: a retrospective review. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(6):964–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Laithier V, Grill J, Le Deley MC, et al. Progression-free survival in children with optic pathway tumors: dependence on age and the quality of the response to chemotherapy–results of the first French prospective study for the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24):4572–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sutton LN, Molloy PT, Sernyak H, et al. Long-term outcome of hypothalamic/chiasmatic astrocytomas in children treated with conservative surgery. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:583–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Albers AC, Gutmann DH. Gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(4):535–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rodriguez FJ, Perry A, Gutmann DH, et al. Gliomas in neurofibromatosis type 1: a clinicopathologic study of 100 patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(3):240–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Cummings TJ, Provenzale JM, Hunter SB, et al. Gliomas of the optic nerve: histological, immunohistochemical (MIB-1 and p53), and MRI analysis. Acta Neuropathol. 2000;99(5):563–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ater JL, Zhou T, Holmes E, et al. Randomized study of two chemotherapy regimens for treatment of low-grade glioma in young children: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(21):2641–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Wright JE, McNab AA, McDonald WI. Optic nerve glioma and the management of optic nerve tumours in the young. Brit J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:967–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Spicer GJ, Kazim M, Glass LR, et al. Accuracy of MRI in defining tumor-free margin in optic nerve glioma surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29(4):277–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Avery RA, Fisher MJ, Liu GT. Optic pathway gliomas [review]. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31(3):269–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ater JL, Xia C, Mazewski CM, et al. Nonrandomized comparison of neurofibromatosis type 1 and non-neurofibromatosis type 1 children who received carboplatin and vincristine for progressive low-grade glioma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer. 2016;122(12):1928–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Horwich A, Bloom HJG. Optic gliomas: radiation therapy and prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:1067–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grabenbauer GG, Schuchardt U, Buchfelder M, et al. Radiation therapy of optico-hypothalamic gliomas (OHG)–radiographic response, vision and late toxicity. Radiother Oncol. 2000;54(3):239–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jenkin D, Angyalfi S, Becker L, et al. Optic glioma in children: surveillance, resection, or irradiation? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;25:215–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cappelli C, Grill J, Raquin M, et al. Long-term follow up of 69 patients treated for optic pathway tumours before the chemotherapy era. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79(4):334–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Sharif S, Ferner R, Birch JM, et al. Second primary tumors in neurofibromatosis 1 patients treated for optic glioma: substantial risks after radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(16):2570–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ullrich NJ, Robertson R, Kinnamon DD, et al. Moyamoya following cranial irradiation for primary brain tumors in children. Neurology. 2007;68(12):932–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Faisal YA, Katowitz WR, Fisher MJ, et al. Debulking optic nerve gliomas for disfiguring proptosis: a globe-Sparing approach by lateral orbitotomy alone. 42nd Annual Meeting North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dutton JJ. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;37(3):167–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Harold Lee HB, Garrity JA, Cameron JD, Strianese D, Bonavolonta G, Patrinely JR. Primary optic nerve sheath meningioma in children. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53(6):543–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Kruchko C. Meningiomas: causes and risk factors. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23(4):E2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Berman D, Miller NR. New concepts in the management of optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Ann Acad med Singap. 2006;35(3):168–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Carrasco JR, Penne RB. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas and advanced treatment options. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15(5):406–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bosch MM, Wichmann WW, Boltshauser E, Landau K. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(3):379–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Evans DG, Birch JM, Ramsden RT. Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(6):496–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Sheikh BY, Siqueira E, Dayel F. Meningioma in children: a report of nine cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1996;45(4):328–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mafee MF, Goodwin J, Dorodi S. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Role of MR imaging. Radiol Clin N Am. 1999;37(1):37–58, ix.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sepahdari AR, Politi LS, Aakalu VK, Kim HJ, Razek AA. Diffusion-weighted imaging of orbital masses: multi-institutional data support a 2-ADC threshold model to categorize lesions as benign, malignant, or indeterminate. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(1):170–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fatima Z, Ichikawa T, Ishigame K, et al. Orbital masses: the usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging in lesion categorization. Clin Neuroradiol. 2014;24(2):129–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sibony PA, Krauss HR, Kennerdell JS, Maroon JC, Slamovits TL. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Clin Manifestations Ophthalmol. 1984;91(11):1313–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Eddleman CS, Liu JK. Optic nerve sheath meningioma: current diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23(5):E4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Turbin RE, Thompson CR, Kennerdell JS, Cockerham KP, Kupersmith MJ. A long-term visual outcome comparison in patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma managed with observation, surgery, radiotherapy, or surgery and radiotherapy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(5):890–9; discussion 899–900.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Baser ME, Evans DG, Jackler RK, Sujansky E, Rubenstein A. Neurofibromatosis 2, radiosurgery and malignant nervous system tumours. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(4):998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Evans DG, Birch JM, Ramsden RT, Sharif S, Baser ME. Malignant transformation and new primary tumours after therapeutic radiation for benign disease: substantial risks in certain tumour prone syndromes. J Med Genet. 2006;43(4):289–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Turbin RE, Pokorny K. Diagnosis and treatment of orbital optic nerve sheath meningioma. Cancer Control J Moffitt Cancer Center. 2004;11(5):334–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Avery RA, Dombi E, Hutcheson KA, et al. Visual outcomes in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibromas. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155(6):1089–94. e1081.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Farris SR, Grove AS Jr. Orbital and eyelid manifestations of neurofibromatosis: a clinical study and literature review. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;12(4):245–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Nguyen R, Dombi E, Widemann BC, et al. Growth dynamics of plexiform neurofibromas: a retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Orphanet J Rare dis. 2012;7:75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Nguyen R, Kluwe L, Fuensterer C, Kentsch M, Friedrich RE, Mautner VF. Plexiform neurofibromas in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: frequency and associated clinical deficits. J Pediatr. 2011;159(4):652–5. e652.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chaudhry IA, Morales J, Shamsi FA, et al. Orbitofacial neurofibromatosis: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(4):583–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Oystreck DT, Morales J, Chaudhry I, et al. Visual loss in orbitofacial neurofibromatosis type 1. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2168–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Erb MH, Uzcategui N, See RF, Burnstine MA. Orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis: classification and treatment. Orbit. 2007;26(4):223–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ferner RE, Golding JF, Smith M, et al. [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) as a diagnostic tool for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs): a long-term clinical study. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(2):390–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ferner RE, Lucas JD, O’Doherty MJ, et al. Evaluation of (18)fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG PET) in the detection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours arising from within plexiform neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis 1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68(3):353–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Rodriguez FJ, Folpe AL, Giannini C, Perry A. Pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: diagnostic overview and update on selected diagnostic problems. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123(3):295–319.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Jackson IT, Carbonnel A, Potparic Z, Shaw K. Orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis: classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92(1):1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Needle MN, Cnaan A, Dattilo J, et al. Prognostic signs in the surgical management of plexiform neurofibroma: the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia experience, 1974-1994. J Pediatr. 1997;131(5):678–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jacquemin C, Bosley TM, Svedberg H. Orbit deformities in craniofacial neurofibromatosis type 1. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(8):1678–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Blakeley JO, Plotkin SR. Therapeutic advances for the tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 1, type 2, and schwannomatosis. Neuro-Oncology. 2016;18(5):624–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Widemann B, Leigh JM, Fisher MJ, et al. Phase I study of the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) hydrogen sulfate in children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and inoperable plexiform neurofibromas (PNs). J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(suppl)(abstr 10018).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Avery RA, Katowitz JA, Fisher MJ, et al. Orbital/Peri-orbital plexiform Neurofibromas in children with Neurofibromatosis type 1: multi-disciplinary recommendations for care. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):123–32. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.020. Epub 2016 Nov 3.

  75. Karcioglu ZA, Hadjistilianou D, Rozans M, DeFrancesco S. Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Control J Moffitt Cancer Center. 2004;11(5):328–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Crist W, Gehan EA, Ragab AH, et al. The third intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(3):610–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ognjanovic S, Linabery AM, Charbonneau B, Ross JA. Trends in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma incidence and survival in the United States, 1975-2005. Cancer. 2009;115(18):4218–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Shields CL, Shields JA, Honavar SG, Demirci H. Primary ophthalmic rhabdomyosarcoma in 33 patients. Trans am Ophthalmol Soc. 2001;99:133–42; discussion 142–133.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Sohaib SA, Moseley I, Wright JE. Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma–the radiological characteristics. Clin Radiol. 1998;53(5):357–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hayes-Jordan A, Andrassy R. Rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(3):373–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zhu J, Zhang J, Tang G, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging observations of rhabdomyosarcoma in the head and neck. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(1):155–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Wende S, Aulich A, Nover A, et al. Computed tomography or orbital lesions. A cooperative study of 210 cases. Neuroradiology. 1977;13(3):123–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yang WT, Kwan WH, Li CK, Metreweli C. Imaging of pediatric head and neck rhabdomyosarcomas with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging and a review of the literature. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1997;14(3):243–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kodet R, Newton WA Jr, Hamoudi AB, Asmar L, Wharam MD, Maurer HM. Orbital rhabdomyosarcomas and related tumors in childhood: relationship of morphology to prognosis–an Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;29(1):51–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Missiaglia E, Williamson D, Chisholm J, et al. PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status is the key prognostic molecular marker in rhabdomyosarcoma and significantly improves current risk stratification. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(14):1670–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Williamson D, Missiaglia E, de Reynies A, et al. Fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is clinically and molecularly indistinguishable from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(13):2151–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sutow WW, Lindberg RD, Gehan EA, et al. Three-year relapse-free survival rates in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck: report from the Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer. 1982;49(11):2217–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Heyn R, Ragab A, Raney RB Jr, et al. Late effects of therapy in orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in children. A report from the Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer. 1986;57(9):1738–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Maurer HM, Beltangady M, Gehan EA, et al. The Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study-I. A final report. Cancer. 1988;61(2):209–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, et al. Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: report from the Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS)-III, 1984-1991. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;34(6):413–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Koscielniak E, Harms D, Henze G, et al. Results of treatment for soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and adolescence: a final report of the German cooperative soft tissue sarcoma study CWS-86. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(12):3706–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Yock T, Schneider R, Friedmann A, Adams J, Fullerton B, Tarbell N. Proton radiotherapy for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma: clinical outcome and a dosimetric comparison with photons. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(4):1161–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Peter de Blank

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Peter de Blank

  3. Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Michael D. Coffey

  4. Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Michael J. Fisher

  5. Neurofibromatosis Program, Neuro-Oncology Section, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Michael J. Fisher

  6. Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Michael J. Fisher

Authors
  1. Peter de Blank
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael D. Coffey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael J. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter de Blank .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology and Director of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    James A. Katowitz

  2. Associate Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology and Director of the Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery Fellowship Program, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    William R. Katowitz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Blank, P., Coffey, M.D., Fisher, M.J. (2018). Neuro-Oncologic Considerations in Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery. In: Katowitz, J., Katowitz, W. (eds) Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60814-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60814-3_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60812-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60814-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation