Abstract
Contractor support has become crucial for advanced military organisations, which increasingly rely on private providers of logistics, training, intelligence, and armed security. The different types of societal destabilisation tools falling under the rubric of hybrid threats all require expertise that military organisations alone neither possess nor can create. As a source of manpower, know–how, and cultural awareness that military organisations are not able to keep within their ranks, contractor support is crucial to respond to hybrid threats, providing an important force-multiplier for NATO forces conducting stability operations and strengthening the resilience of host societies by sustaining the local economy. The use of contractors in military operations, however, has often proved problematic. This chapter examines contractor support to NATO operation ISAF in Afghanistan as a source of insights into the presence and future of the privatization of military support.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Different acronyms such as Private Military Company (PMC) or Private Security Company (PSC) are sometimes used.
- 2.
While the US and the UK had already abandoned conscription by 1973, continental European states like France, Germany, and Italy did so only between 1996 and 2011.
Bibliography
Advisory Council on International Affairs. 2007. [Netherlands] Employing Private Military Companies – A Question of Responsibility, N. 59. The Hague. http://aiv-advice.nl/download/51db5f8c-6e1c-44b8-8b30-c290bd206a0d.pdf
Afghanistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. undated. Agreement Between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on the Status of NATO Forces and NATO Personnel. Kabul. http://mfa.gov.af/Content/files/SOFA%20ENGLISH.pdf
Air Force, U.S. 1997. Air Force Contract Augmentation Program (AFCAP).
Army, U. S. 1985. Army Regulation 700-137: Logistics Civil Augmentation Program LOGCAP. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army.
———. 2002. Field Manual 3-100.21: Contractors on the Battlefield. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army.
———. 2006. Field Manual 3-24: Counterinsurgency. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army.
———. 2008. Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army.
Avant, Deborah. 2005. The Market for Force: The Consequence of Privatising Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Avant, Deborah, and Lee Sigelman. 2010. Private Security and Democracy: Lessons from the US in Iraq. Security Studies 19 (2): 230–265.
Cohen, Eliot. 1990. Citizens and Soldiers. The Dilemmas of Military Service. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Creveld, Martin van. 1977. Supplying War: Military Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cusumano, Eugenio. 2012. Policy Prospects for Regulating PMSCs. In War by Contract, ed. Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2014. The Scope of Military Privatisation: Military Role Conceptions and Contractor Support in the United States and the United Kingdom. International Relations 29 (2): 219–241. doi:10.1177/0047117814552142.
———. 2015. Bridging the Gap. Mobilisation Constraints and Contractor Support to US and UK Military Operations. Journal of Strategic Studies 39 (1): 94–119.
Cusumano, Eugenio, and Christopher Kinsey. 2014. Bureaucratic Interests and the Outsourcing of Security: The Privatization of Diplomatic Protection in the United States and the United Kingdom. Armed Forces & Society 41 (4): 591–615. doi:10.1177/0095327X14523958.
Davids, Christiaan, Robert Beeres, and Paul C. van Fenema. 2013. Operational Defense Sourcing: Organizing Military Logistics in Afghanistan. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management 43 (2): 116–133.
Deni, John R. 2014. Perfectly Flawed? The Evolution of NATO’s Force Generation Process. In NATO’s post-Cold War Politics: The Changing Provision of security, ed. Sebastian Mayer. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dunigan, Molly. 2012. Victory for Hire. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Duren, Emily Van. 2010. Money Is Ammunition; Don’t Put It in the Wrong Hands. Militaire Spectator 179 (11): 564–578.
Erbel, Mark, and Christopher Kinsey. 2015. Think Again – Supplying War: Reappraising Military Logistics and Its Centrality to Strategy and War. Journal of Strategic Studies 20 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1080/01402390.2015.1104669.
Evans, Michael. 2012. The Silent Revolution Within NATO Logistics: A Study in Afghanistan Fuel and Future Application. Monterey: Naval Postgraduate School.
Filkins, Dexter. 2010. Convoy Guards in Afghanistan Face Enquiry. New York Times, June 6.
Filkins, Dexter, and Scott Shane. 2010. Afghan Leader Sees Plan to Ban Private Guards. New York Times, August 16.
Gielink, Dirk, Maarten Buitenhuis, and René Moelker. 2007. No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military’s Reluctance to Outsource. In Private Military and Security Companies, ed. Thomas Jäger and Gerhard Kümmel. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften: Wiesbaden.
Hammes, Thomas X. 2010. Private Contractors in Conflict Zones: The Good, the Bad and the Strategic Impact. Washington, DC: Strategic Forum 260, National Defense University.
Higginson, Andrew. 2010. Contractor Support to Operations (CSO)–Proactive or Reactive Support? RUSI Defence Acquisition 13: 16–19.
Kinsey, Christopher. 2006. Corporate Soldiers and International Security: The Rise of Private Military Companies. New York: Routledge.
———. 2009. Private Contractors and the Reconstruction of Iraq. New York: Routledge.
Krahmann, Elke. 2010. States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security. Cambridge: CUP.
———. 2014. Germany: Civilian Power Revisited. In Commercialising Security, ed. Anna Leander. New York: Routledge.
———. 2016. NATO Contracting in Afghanistan: The Problem of Principal-Agent Networks. International Affairs 92 (6): 1401–1426.
Krulak, Charles C. 1999. The Strategic Corporal: Leadership in the Three Block War. Marines Magazine 28 (1): 32.
NATO. 2007. Logistics Handbook.
NATO Joint Analysis & Lessons Learned Centre. 2011. Final Evaluation: Netherlands Contribution to ISAF, 2006–2010. Lisbon, September 23. http://www.jallc.nato.int/activities/rfoids/final_evaluat_on_netherlands_participation_in_isaf%202006-2010_tcm4-825602.pdf
Navy and Marine Corps, U.S. 1995. The Contingency Construction Capabilities Contract CONCAP.
Olsson, Christian. 2013. France: Making Both Ends Meet? In Commercialising Security in Europe: Political Consequences for Peace Operations, ed. Leander Anna. New York: Routledge.
———. 2016. Coercion and Capital in Afghanistan. The Rise, Transformation, and Fall of the Afghan Commercial Security Sector. In Routledge Companion to Security Outsourcing, ed. Joachim Berndtsson and Christopher Kinsey. London/New York: Routledge.
Perry, David. 2009. The Privatization of the Canadian Military: Afghanistan and Beyond. International Journal 64 (3): 687–702.
Rivera, Ray, and Sharifullah Sahak. 2011. Afghan Report Revives Concerns About Scrutiny of Private Security Firms. New York Times, January 23. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/asia/24afghan.html
Rumsfeld, Donald H. 2002. Transforming the Military. Foreign Affairs, May/June. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2002-05-01/transforming-military
Ruzza, Stefano. 2013. Italy: Keeping or Selling Stock? In Commercialising Security in Europe: Political Consequences for Peace Operations, ed. Leander Anna. New York: Routledge.
Rynning, Sten. 2013. ISAF and NATO: Campaign Innovation and Organisational Adaptation. In Military Adaptation in Afghanistan, ed. Theo Farrell, Frans Osinga, and James A. Russell. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Schwartz, Moshe. 2011. The Department of Defense’s Use of Private Security Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background, Analysis, and Options for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Sherman, Jack, and Victoria DiDomenico. 2009. The Public Cost of Private Security in Afghanistan. Briefing paper. New York: New York University, Center on International Cooperation.
Singer, Peter. 2003. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. London: Cornell University Press.
———. 2007. Can’t Win with ‘Em, Can’t Go to War Without ‘Em. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. 2013. Quarterly Report, October 30. http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2013-10-30qr.pdf
UN. 2010. Report of the Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination: Addendum, Mission to Afghanistan, A/HRC/15/25/Add.2. New York, June 14.
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. 1998. The Strategic Defence Review (SDR) HC 138 1997–1998. London: The Stationery Office.
———. 2010. Tiger Team Final Report ‘Contract Support to Operations.’ London, March 16.
US Department of Defense. 2001. Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review. Washington, DC.
———. 2006. Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review. Washington, DC.
———. 2010. Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review. Washington, DC.
US House of Representatives. 2010. Warlord, Inc. Washington, DC: Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.
Van Duren, Emile C.G.J. 2010. Money Is Ammunition; Don’t Put It in the Wrong Hands. A View on COIN Contracting from Regional Command South. Militaire Spectator 179: 564–578.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cusumano, E. (2018). Resilience for Hire? NATO Contractor Support in Afghanistan Examined. In: Cusumano, E., Corbe, M. (eds) A Civil-Military Response to Hybrid Threats. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60798-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60798-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60797-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60798-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)