Civil-Military Responses to Hybrid Threats in East Asia

Gawthorpe, Andrew

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60798-6_13

Andrew Gawthorpe³

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Abstract

Russia’s recent intervention in Ukraine has raised the issue of so-called hybrid warfare up the agenda of military planners across Europe. This has breathed new life into a concept which has been criticized in the past for being analytically vague and historically unmoored. For those seeking to understand an operational approach which capitalizes on ambiguity, seeks to avoid an identification of its true motives and blends civilian and military ways and means to achieve its ends, the concept of hybridity continues to provide food for strategic thought.

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Notes

1.
Jan Angstrom, ‘Escalation, Emulation, and the Failure of Hybrid Warfare in Afghanistan’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (advance access online).
2.
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3.
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4.
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5.
Although, in China at least, this ideal of subordination has not always been achieved in practice, especially in the post-Deng era. See James Char, ‘Reclaiming the Party’s Control of the Gun: Bringing Civilian Authority Back in China’s Civil-Military Relations’, Journal of Strategic Studies 39, 5/6 (2016), pp. 608–36.
6.
Reichborn-Kjennerud and Cullen, ‘What is Hybrid Warfare?’, p. 2.
7.
Stefan Halper (ed.), China: The Three Warfares, paper prepared for the Office of Net Assessment, May 2013, p. 375. The General Political Department was replaced by the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission under Xi Jinping’s military reforms in January 2016 .
8.
Frank G. Hoffman, ‘Hybrid Warfare and Challenges’, Joint Force Quarterly 52 (2009), p. 36.
9.
Truong Chinh, Primer for Revolt: The Communist Takeover in Vietnam (New York: Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
10.
Quoted in Jeffrey Record, Beating Goliath: Why Insurgencies Win (Washington, DC: Potomac, 2007), p. 20.
11.
Dobbins, ‘War with China’, p. 14.
12.
Carlyle A. Thayer, ‘Navigating the Currents of Legal Regimes and Realpolitik in East Asia’s Maritime Domain’ in Shicun Wu and Keyuan Zou, Securing the Safety of Navigation in East Asia: Legal and Political Dimensions (Oxford: Chandos, 2013), p. 18.
13.
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14.
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15.
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16.
This narrative is based on Yoshihara, ‘The 1974 Paracels Sea Battle’.
17.
Ibid., p. 47.
18.
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19.
Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, Unrestricted Warfare (Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, 1999), pp. 24, 43.
20.
Angstrom, ‘Escalation, Emulation, and the Failure of Hybrid Warfare in Afghanistan’.
21.
Lora Saalman, ‘Little Grey Men: China and the Ukraine Crisis’, Survival 58, 6 (2016/17), p. 141.
22.
Charles K. Bartles, ‘Getting Gerasimov Right’, Military Review (January–February 2016).
23.
Saalman, ‘Little Grey Men’.
24.
Halper, Three Warfares, pp. 12–6.
25.
Mingjiang Li, ‘The People’s Liberation Army and China’s Smart Power Quandary in Southeast Asia’, Journal of Strategic Studies 38, 3 (2015), p. 370. As Scarborough Shoal is almost entirely submerged at high tide, this would require land reclamation.
26.
For narratives of this incident, see Ely Ratner, ‘Learning the Lessons of Scarborough Reef’, The National Interest, 21 November 2013; Ryan D. Martinson, ‘Shepherds of the South Seas’, Survival 58, 3 (2016), p. 197.
27.
See Geoff Dyer, ‘US Strategists Face Dilemma over Beijing Claim in South China Sea’, Financial Times, 9 July 2014.
28.
See Martinson, ‘Shepherds of the South Seas’, pp. 192–3, 200–1.
29.
Ibid., pp. 192–3.
30.
Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2011), p. 304 .
31.
Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, ‘The US Role in the Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu (Senkaku Islands), 1945–1971’, The China Quarterly 161 (March 2000), pp. 98–100.
32.
On a blockade, see Sean Mirski, ‘Stranglehold: The Context, Conduct and Consequences of an American Naval Blockade of China’, Journal of Strategic Studies 36, 3 (2013), pp. 385–421; Gabriel B. Collins and William S. Murray, ‘No Oil for the Lamps of China’, Naval War College Review 61, 2 (2008), pp. 79–95.
33.
Zinaida Bechna and Bradley A. Thayer, ‘NATO’s New Role: The Alliance’s Response to a Rising China’, Naval War College Review 69, 3 (2016), pp. 65–81.
34.
‘Japan Boosts Coast Guard Fleet to Defend Disputed East China Sea Islands’, The Guardian, 22 December 2016.
35.
Andrew S. Erikson and Conor M. Kennedy, ‘China’s Maritime Militia: What it is and how to Deal with It’, Foreign Affairs, 23 June 2016, available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2016-06-23/chinas-maritime-militia [accessed 10 January 2017].
36.
Satoru Mori, ‘Thinking About Long-Term Strategy in the South China Sea’, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 13 January 2017, available at https://amti.csis.org/long-term-strategy-scs/ [accessed 23 January 2017].
37.
Prashanth Parameswaran, ‘Japan Eyes New Coast Guard Body for ASEAN States’, The Diplomat, 10 January 2017, available at http://thediplomat.com/2017/01/japan-eyes-new-coast-guard-body-for-asean-states/ [accessed 10 January 2017].
38.
Martinson, ‘Shepherds of the South Seas’, p. 201 .
39.
This was a pledge made by Estonia’s senior military officer, Lieutenant General Riho Terras. See “Estonia Ready to Deal with Russia’s ‘Little Green Men’”, Financial Times, 13 May 2015, available at https://www.ft.com/content/03c5ebde-f95a-11e4-ae65-00144feab7de#axzz40q8DNutl [accessed 21 January 2017].

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Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Andrew Gawthorpe

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University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
Eugenio Cusumano
The Hague, The Netherlands
Marian Corbe

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Gawthorpe, A. (2018). Civil-Military Responses to Hybrid Threats in East Asia. In: Cusumano, E., Corbe, M. (eds) A Civil-Military Response to Hybrid Threats. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60798-6_13

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60798-6_13
Published: 30 August 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60797-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60798-6
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