Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a well-established and versatile technique for the investigation of powder samples, liquid solutions, and bulk crystals (Devereaux, Hackl, Rev Mod Phys 79(1):175–233, 2007, [1]). Likewise, Raman scattering is employed by the thin film and heterostructure community to explore phase transitions of various types, to characterize the crystalline quality of films, and to probe the lattice dynamics in conjunction with electronic and magnetic responses of material systems grown on different substrates (Kim, Neumann, Kim, Le, Kang, Noh, Phys Rev Lett 115(22):1–5, 2015, [2], Tenne, Bruchhausen, Lanzillotti-Kimura, Fainstein, Katiyar, Cantarero, Soukiassian, Vaithyanathan, Haeni, Tian, Schlom, Choi, Kim, Eom, Sun, Pan, Li, Chen, Jia, Nakhmanson, Rabe, Xi, Science 313(5793):1614–1616, 2006, [3], Branescu, Naudin, Gartner, Nemes, Thin Solid Films 516(22):8190–8194, 2008, [4], Kreisel, Weber, Dix, Sanchez, Thomas, Fontcuberta, Adv Funct Mat 22(23):5044–5049, 2012, [5], Kreisel, Lucazeau, Dubourdieu, Rosina, Weiss, J Phys: Condens Matter 5201(14):5201, 2002, [6], Zhang, Haage, Habermeier, Ruf, Cardona, J Appl Phys 80(5):2935, 1996, [7], Xiong, Chen, Wang, Chen, Chen, Chen, Phys Rev B 70(9):094407, 2004, [8], Antonakos, Palles, Liarokapis, Filippi, Prellier, J Appl Phys 104(6):063508, 2008, [9], Bartasyte, Chaix-Pluchery, Kreisel, Jimenez, Weiss, Abrutis, Saltyte, Boudard, J Appl Phys 103(1):014103, 2008, [10], Driza, Blanco-Canosa, Bakr, Soltan, Khalid, Mustafa, Kawashima, Christiani, Habermeier, Khaliullin, Ulrich, Le Tacon, Keimer, Nat Mater 11(8):675–681, 2012, [11]). In case of thin material systems however, there are two substantial drawbacks decreasing the quality of Raman spectra obtained from films with thicknesses less than \(\sim \)100 nm. (i) The scattering volume is significantly reduced as compared to bulk materials yielding a much weaker signal. (ii) The faint scattered intensity from the thin film is overwhelmed by the strong signal coming from the substrate.
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Notes
- 1.
SrTiO\(_3\) is of \(O_h^1\) symmetry (space group \(Pm\bar{3}m\), no. 221). The five atoms per unit cell are all located at a point of inversion symmetry and at the Brillouin zone center the 15 degrees of freedom only yield one \(F_{1u}\) triply degenerate acoustic mode and three \(F_{1u}\) plus one \(F_{2u}\) triply degenerate optical modes. The two phonons of the second order Raman process can originate from anywhere in the Brillouin zone if only their wave vectors add up to zero. It is generally non-trivial to assign certain features in such a spectrum, since the scattering intensity does not only originate from different points in the Brillouin zone but also depends on variations in the combined density of states. For SrTiO\(_3\) it is known that most spectral features originate mainly from pairs of transverse polarized phonons with wave vectors near the zone boundary [23].
- 2.
Resistivity was measured via the van der Pauw method. REXS experiments were performed at the BESSY-II undulator beam line UE46-PGM1 at the Ni \(L_3\) edge, following a protocol described in Ref. [59].
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Hepting, M. (2017). Tunable Order Parameters in Nickelate Heterostructures. In: Ordering Phenomena in Rare-Earth Nickelate Heterostructures . Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60531-9_4
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