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Achieving Social Impact pp 43–68Cite as

The Dialogic Self: Preventive Socialization

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Abstract

This chapter explains CREA’s research and theoretical development on the concept of preventive socialization of gender violence. By analyzing the link between attraction and violence that has been established in patriarchal society for centuries, we can advance toward disclosing one of the causes of gender based violence, thus informing how to transform it. The chapter revises some contributions of authors who have approached love-related issues, discussing aspects which, from the perspective of socialization, remained uncovered. Finally, drawing on the findings of our empirical research on the topic, I discuss the potential of ‘dialogic interactions’ as a way to achieve violence-free relationships.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ptolemaists are adherents of or believers in the Ptolemaic system or geocentrism.

  2. 2.

    This book was first published in Spanish as El Amor en la Sociedad del Riesgo in 2004.

  3. 3.

    It is noteworthy that in relation to our empirical research on gender violence, I will explain some of our contributions in this regard. Because of CREA researchers’ extensive work during the last decade, it is impossible to provide a detailed account of all of the group’s contributions. It should not be forgotten that this is one of our most active research lines. Nevertheless, interested readers can consult all of the published papers posted on CREA’s website: http://crea.ub.edu/index/scientific-excellence/publications/.

  4. 4.

    Elster is one of the main authors who recognize the importance analyzing emotions in social studies (1999, pp. 403-404): ‘Subjectively, emotions matter because we feel them so strongly, and because they can be intensely pleasant as well as intensely unpleasant. Because of these properties, emotions can have a compelling urgency that is lacking in most other aspects of human life (…) Objectively, emotions matter because many forms of human behavior would be unintelligible if we did not see them through the prism of emotion.’ While we agree on his definition of emotions, our approach goes beyond because it adds the social aspects of the emotional behavior, which may involve criticism and change through interaction and socialization.

  5. 5.

    In words of Bruner (1996, p. 173), ‘mind cannot in any sense be regarded as ‘natural’ or naked, with culture thought of as an add-on.’

  6. 6.

    Vygotsky also writes about the self-transformation of the person (1978, pp. 60–61): ‘The dialectical approach, while admitting the influence of nature on man, assert that man, in turn, affects nature and creates through his changes in nature new natural conditions for his existence. This position is the keystone of our approach to the study and interpretation of man’s higher psychological functions and serves as the basis for the new methods of experimentation and analysis that we advocate.’

  7. 7.

    Autopoiesis in Greek means ‘self-produce’.

  8. 8.

    In the social sciences, it is Luhmann (1995) who has primarily used the concept of autopoiesis in his systemic orientation (systems are autopoietics, that is, self-produced). This is one possible application of that concept, which can also be used in other perspectives on the social sciences, such as those that contemplate the transformative capacity of groups and individuals in light of their autopoietic character.

  9. 9.

    Author’s translation from Spanish.

  10. 10.

    Foucault participated in the French penal code reform and made a proposal that he also advocated in a conversation in which he disagreed with both Marine Zecca and Marine Odile Faye (Cooper 1977, pp. 32–33, 76–110): Michel Foucault - On peut toujours tenir le discours théorique qui consiste à dire: de toute façon la sexualité ne peut en aucun cas être objet de punition. Et dire que ce n’est rien de plus qu’une agression, et rien d’autre: que l’on foute son poing dans la gueule de quelqu’un, ou son pénis dans le sexe, cela n’appelle pas de différence… Mais primo: je ne suis pas sûr que les femmes seraient d’accord…

    Marine Zecca - Pas tellement, non. Pas du tout, même.

    Michel Foucault - Donc vous admettez qu’il y a un délit ‘proprement sexuel’.

    Marine Zecca - Ah, oui.

    Marie-Odile Faye – Pour toutes les petites filles qui ont été agressées, dans un jardin public, dans le métro, dans toutes ces expériences de la vie quotidienne, à huit, dix ou douze ans: très traumatisantes…

    English own translation:

    Michel Foucault—One can always hold the theoretical discourse of saying: sexuality cannot be in any case an object of punishment. And to say that it is nothing more than an assault, and nothing else: that one fits his fist in the mouth of someone, or his penis in someone’s sex, that does not call for difference … But first: I'm not sure that women would agree …

    Marine Zecca—Not so much, no. Not at all, even.

    Michel Foucault—So you admit that there is a ‘strictly sexual’ offense.

    Marine Zecca—Ah, yes.

    Marie-Odile Faye—For all the little girls who have been assaulted, in a public garden, in the subway, in all these experiences of everyday life, at eight, ten or twelve years: very traumatizing …

  11. 11.

    Foucault took his genealogy from Nietzsche (Foucault, 1988).

  12. 12.

    The self is a relationship between I and me. The I emerges in the individual’s responses to society. The me is the set of societal attitudes that the I assumes. The I and me are part of the person, who is the self. Therefore, the ‘individual’ and ‘society’ are within the person and have a permanent relationship.

  13. 13.

    This novel, which is typically considered the best contemporary novel, consists of the inner world (the term used by the author himself) of Leopold Bloom (adding two characters, Stephen and Molly Bloom) over a single day. This inner talk is interactive when speaking quietly with people with whom one has previously interacted. And it builds identity when it helps to create an identity or identities for Mr. Bloom.

  14. 14.

    Raewyn Connell coined the term “hegemonic masculinity” (Connell, 2012) where relation of power is dominant. In her work, Connell distinguishes several masculinities which change over time.

  15. 15.

    Violencia de Género en las Universidades Españolas. Plan Nacional I+D (2004–2007). Instituto de la Mujer. Ministerio de Igualdad (2005–2008); ACT-COM. Actos comunicativos y superación de las desigualdades sociales en las relaciones de género. Plan Nacional I+D+I. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (2006–2008); Incidencia de la Ley Integral contra la Violencia de Género en la formación inicial del profesorado. Instituto de la Mujer. Plan Nacional I+D (2007–2010); Espejismo del ascenso y socialización de la violencia de género. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Dirección General de Programas y Transferencia de Conocimiento. Plan Nacional I+D+I (2010–2012); Impacto de los actos comunicativos y nuevas masculinidades. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Dirección General de Programas y Transferencia de Conocimiento. Plan Nacional I+D+I (2010–2012).

  16. 16.

    Violències de gènere a l’àmbit universitari? Realitats formes i superació. AGAUR, Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris a la Recerca (2005–2006); Models d’atracció dels i de les adolescents. Contribucions des de la socialització preventiva de la violència de gènere. Institut Català de la Dona – Generalitat de Catalunya. (2007); La formació per a la prevenció de la violència de gènere a la formació inicial de les persones professionals de l’educació. AGAUR, Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris a la Recerca (2008–2009); Miratge de l’Ascens Social i Amor ideal. Institut Català de les dones (2010–2011).

  17. 17.

    Centres of Secondary Education and Values Education: proposals for the prevention of Gender violence. DAPHNE Programme. European Commission. (2006–2008); Youth4Youth: Empowering Young People in Preventing Gender-based Violence through Peer Education’, DAPHNE III’ (2007–2013).

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  1. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Soler-Gallart

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Soler-Gallart, M. (2017). The Dialogic Self: Preventive Socialization. In: Achieving Social Impact . SpringerBriefs in Sociology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60270-7_3

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