Abstract
Chapter 5 addressed developments that have taken place in primary school education generally, and primary school leadership specifically, in Rwanda from 1994 until 2014. It indicated that this two-decade period was characterised by numerous initiatives, changes, and ambitious goals in these domains. As far as primary school education is concerned, the immediate aftermath of the genocide was marked by the implementation of various reforms which aimed to correct errors of the past. The focus in the post-2000 education phase has been mainly on the pursuit of UPE and ‘Education for All’ targets, the implementation of the language of instruction reform, and the integration of ICT into the primary school system. Regarding primary school leadership, however, no specific developments occurred in the first five years following the end of the war and the genocide in 1994. Nevertheless, the post-2000 period has witnessed the advent of such school leadership-related developments as the implementation of education decentralisation and deconcentration, the introduction of school-based management, the introduction of performance contracts in school leadership, and the implementation of the school management project funded and managed by the Flemish Association for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance (VVOB).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
African Union. (2006). Policy on post-conflict reconstruction and development. Addis Ababa: African Union.
Akresh, R., & De Walque, D. (2008). Armed conflict and schooling: Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Policy Research Working Paper No. 4606. The World Bank. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1149109
Al-Hinai, A. M. (2007). The interplay between culture, teacher professionalism and teachers’ professional development at times of change. In T. Townsend & R. Bates (Eds.), Handbook of teacher education: Globalization, standards and professionalism in times of change (pp. 41–52). Dordrecht: Springer.
BBC. (2008). Genocide hatred lingers in Rwanda schools. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7246985.stm
Bennell, P., & Akyeampong, K. (2007). Teacher motivation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Brighton: DFID.
Bush, K. D., & Saltarelli, D. (2000). The two faces of education in ethnic conflict: Towards a peacebuilding education for children. Florence: UNICEF.
Bush, T. (2007). Educational leadership and management: Theory, policy, and practice. South African Journal of Education, 27(3), 391–406.
Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2003). School leadership: Concepts and evidence. Nottingham: National College for School Leadership.
Clarke, S., & O’Donoghue, T. (2013). The case for studying educational leadership at the individual school level in post-conflict societies. In S. Clarke & T. O’Donoghue (Eds.), School level leadership in post-conflict societies: The importance of context (pp. 1–8). London: Routledge.
Clarke, S., & Wildy, H. (2004). Context counts: Viewing small school leadership from the inside out. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(5), 555–572.
Clayton, T. (1998). Building the new Cambodia: Educational destruction and construction under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979. History of Education Quarterly, 38(1), 1–16.
Cole, E. A., & Barsalou, J. (2006). Unite or divide? The challenges of teaching history in societies emerging from violent conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Duggan, S. J. (1996). Education, teacher training and prospects for economic recovery in Cambodia. Comparative Education, 32(3), 361–376.
Fussel, J. (2001, November). Group classification on national ID cards as a factor in genocide and ethnic cleansing. Paper presented at the Seminar Series of the Yale University Genocide Studies Program, Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved from http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/removing-facilitating-factors/IDcards/index.htm#0
Grusec, J. E., & Danyliuk, T. (2014). Parents’ attitudes and beliefs: Their impact on children’s development. CEECD/SKC-ECD Parental Skills, 1–4.
Hargreaves, A. (2000). Four ages of professionalism and professional learning. Teachers and Teaching: History and Practice, 6(2), 151–182.
Hayman, R. (2007). Are the MDGs enough? Donor perspectives and recipient visions of education and poverty reduction in Rwanda. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(4), 371–382.
Heifetz, R., & Linsky, M. (2002). Leadership on the line. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Helsby, G. (1999). Changing teachers’ work: The “reform” of secondary schooling. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Hilsum. (2014, June 16). Rwanda 20 years on: The tragic testimony of the children of rape. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/rwanda-20-years-genocide-rape-children
International Planned Parenthood Federation. (2007). Suspension au Rwanda d’enseignants accusés de prôner le génocide. Retrieved from http://www.panapress.com/Suspension-au-Rwanda-d-enseignants-accuses-de-proner-le-genocide--12-654538-58-lang1-index.html
Kanyesigye. (2013, July 7). Teenage pregnancies denying girls opportunities. The New Times. Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/Search/Teenage%20pregnancies%20denying%20girls%20opportunities
King, E. (2014). From classrooms to conflict in Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kiwuwa, D. E. (2012). Ethnic politics and democratic transition in Rwanda. London: Routledge.
Leithwood, K., Louis, S. K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). Review of research: How leadership influences student learning. Toronto, ON: The Wallace Foundation.
Linsky, M., & Lawrence, J. (2011). Adaptive challenges for school leadership. In H. O’Sullivan & J. W. Burnham (Eds.), Leading and managing schools (pp. 3–15). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Marlow-Ferguson, R. (Ed.). (2002). World education encyclopedia. A survey of educational systems worldwide (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
Mhlaba, R. (2001). Raymond Mhlaba’s personal memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
Michaelowa, K. (2001). Primary education quality in Francophone sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of learning achievement and efficiency considerations. World Development, 29, 1699–1716.
Ministry of Education. (2003). Education sector policy. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2008). Nine years basic education implementation: Fast track strategies. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2010). Education sector strategic plan 2010–2015. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2013). 2012 Education statistics year book. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Mukama, E., & Andersson, S. B. (2008). Coping with change in ICT-based learning environments: Newly qualified Rwandan teachers’ reflections. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24, 156–166.
Novelli, M. (2010). The new geopolitics of educational aid: From cold wars to holy wars? International Journal of Educational Development, 30(5), 453–459.
Otunga, R., Serem, D. K., & Kindiki, J. N. (2008). School leadership development in Africa. In J. Lumby, G. Crow, & P. Pashiardis (Eds.), International handbook on the preparation and development of school leaders (pp. 367–382). New York: Routledge.
Paulson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Education, conflict, and development. Wallingford: Symposium Books.
Paxton, W. (2012). IPAR observatory report: The Rwandan education and skills system. Kigali: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research.
Power, H. (2013). Unresolved identity conflicts as a barrier to reconciliation in Rwanda. International Public Policy Review, 7(2), 1–9.
Republic of Rwanda. (2008). Social studies curriculum grade 1–6. Kigali: Rwanda Education Board.
Rogers, F. H., & Vegas, E. (2010). Teachers in developing countries. Washington, DC: Elsevier Ltd.
Rwanda Education Board. (2014). Improving quality education. Rwanda Education Board Newsletter, 2014(3).
Rwanda Governance Board. (2015, August 20). Umuganda. Rwanda Governance Board. Retrieved from http://www.rgb.rw/governance-innovations/umuganda/
Schweisfurth, M. (2006). Global and cross-national influences on education in post-genocide Rwanda. Oxford Review of Education, 32(5), 697–709.
Smith, A., & Vaux, T. (2003). Education, conflict and international development. London: Department for International Development.
Sovachana, P. (2012). Progress and challenges of education in Cambodia today. In P. Sothirak, G. Wade, & M. Hong (Eds.), Cambodia progress and challenges since 1991 (pp. 292–319). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Thomas, P. (2005). Mainstreaming disability in development: Country-level research. Kigali: DFID Disability Knowledge and Research.
Tomlinson, K., & Benefield, P. (2005). Education and conflict: Research and research possibilities. Slough, Berkshire: National Foundation for Educational Research.
Umwalimu SACCO. (2012). Background. Retrieved from http://www.umwalimusacco.co.rw/
UNICEF. (n.d.). Basic education. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/rwanda/education.html
Vavrus, F., Thomas, M., & Bartlett, L. (2011). Ensuring quality by attending to inquiry: Learner-centered pedagogy in sub-Saharan Africa. Addis Ababa: UNESCO.
VVOB. (2014a). History/antecedents of the cooperation. Retrieved from http://www.vvobrwanda.org/content/history
VVOB. (2014b). School management and school leadership programme: New programme on learning outcomes in primary education. Retrieved from http://www.vvobrwanda.org/content/school-management-and-school-leadership-programme
Weinstein, M. H., Freedman, W. S., & Hughson, H. (2007). School voices: Challenges facing education systems after identity-based conflicts. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(1), 41–71.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karareba, G., Clarke, S., O’Donoghue, T. (2018). Concerns of School Leaders and Associated Strategies Adopted by Them. In: Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60263-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60264-6
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)