Skip to main content

Abstract

The contingency theories of leadership that gained prominence during the 1970s and 1980s are still relevant to current leadership practice (Bush, 2008; Simpson, 1999). These theories hold that leadership is context-bound and that “context is the vehicle through which the agency of particular leaders may be empirically understood” (Gronn & Ribbins, 1996, p. 454). They are particularly important for yielding insights into leadership as it is understood and practised in such extraordinarily challenging contexts (Bush, 2008) as post-conflict societies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldrich, R. (1996). Education for the nation. London: Cassel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G. (1971). Education and neocolonialism: A note. Comparative Education Review, 15(2), 237–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G., & Kelly, G. P. (1978). Education and colonialism. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M., Davis, M., Douglas, P., Lloyd, D., Niven, B., & Thiele, H. (2010). A collective act: Leading a small school. Camberwell, VIC: ACER Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botha, R. J. (2004). Excellence in leadership: Demands on the professional school principal. South African Journal of Education, 24(3), 239–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boughton, B. (2011). Timor-Leste: Building a post-conflict education system. In C. Brock & L. Pe Symaco (Eds.), Education in South-East Asia (pp. 177–196). Oxford: Symposium Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, C. (2000). Interview. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 9(1–2), 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckland, P. (2006). Post-conflict education: Time for a reality check? Forced Immigration Review, Education Supplement, 7–8. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/FMRpdfs/EducationSupplement/03.pdf

  • Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the field: An introduction to field research. London: Unwin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, R. (1994). Introduction to research methods (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, K. D., & Saltarelli, D. (2000). The two faces of education in ethnic conflict: Towards a peacebuilding education for children. Florence: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, T. (2008). Leadership and management development in education. Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, T., & Jackson, D. (2002). A preparation for school leadership: International perspectives. Educational Management and Administration, 30(4), 417–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, T., & Oduro, G. K. T. (2006). New principals in Africa: Preparation, induction and practice. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(4), 359–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, S., & O’Donoghue, T. (2013). The case for studying educational leadership at the individual school level in post-conflict societies. In S. Clarke & T. O’Donoghue (Eds.), School level leadership in post-conflict societies: The importance of context (pp. 1–8). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, S., & Wildy, H. (2004). Context counts: Viewing small school leadership from the inside out. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(5), 555–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, T. (1998). Building the new Cambodia: Educational destruction and construction under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979. History of Education Quarterly, 38(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L. (2004). Education and conflict: Complexity and chaos. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., Harris, A., & Hadfield, M. (2010). Grounding knowledge of schools in stakeholder realities: A multi-perspective study of effective school leaders. School Leadership and Management: Formerly School Organisation, 21(1), 19–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dempster, N., Carter, L., Freakley, M., & Parry, L. (2004). Contextual influences on school leaders in Australia: Some data from a recent study of principals’ ethical decision-making. School Leadership & Management, 24(2), 163–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earnest, J. (2013). Sri Lanka: School leadership in the conflict-affected north and east. In S. Clarke & T. O’Donoghue (Eds.), School level leadership in post-conflict societies: The importance of context (pp. 64–77). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, B. A. (1936). Education and colonial development. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3rd ed.). New York: Teachers’ College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourevitch, P. (1998). We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gronn, P., & Ribbins, P. (1996). Leaders in context: Postpositivist approaches to understanding educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(3), 452–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannum, E., & Buchmann, C. (2005). Global educational expansion and socio-economic development: An assessment of findings from the social sciences. World Development, 33(3), 333–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A. (1993). Individualism and individuality: Reinterpreting the teacher culture. International Journal of Educational Research, 19(2), 227–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., & Fullan, M. G. (1992). Introduction. In A. Hargreaves & M. Fullan (Eds.), Understanding teacher development. London: Cassell Villiers House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, S. G., & West, M. (2002). Developing school leaders: A critical review of current practices, approaches and issues and some directions for the future. In K. Leithwood & P. Hallinger (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 1071–1101). Kluwer: Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, L. A., & Ozanne, J. L. (1988). Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer research. The Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 508–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D., & van Kalmthout, E. (2006). Education and conflict: Research, policy and practice. Oxford: Forced Migration Review (FMR) Education Supplement, Refugee Studies Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagawa, F. (2005). Emergency education: A critical review of the field. Comparative Education, 41(4), 487–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaldor, M. (2005). Old wars, cold wars, new wars, and the war on terror. International Politics, 42(4), 491–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. (2001). Analytic induction. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioural sciences (pp. 480–484). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kreso, A. P. (2008). The war and post-war impact on the educational system of Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Review of Education, 54, 353–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership and Management, 28(1), 27–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Louis, S. K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). Review of research: How leadership influences student learning. Toronto, ON: The Wallace Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litz, D. (2011). Globalization and the changing face of educational leadership: Current trends and emerging dilemmas. International Education Studies, 4(3), 47–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machel, G. (2001). The impact of war on children. Vancouver: UBC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, H. M., & Printy, S. M. (2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An integration of transformational and instructional leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(3), 370–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, T., & Clark, E. (2005). Using unstructured interviews with participants who have schizophrenia. Nurse Researcher, 13(1), 7–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, C., Zembylas, M., Bekerman, Z., & Gallagher, T. (Eds.). (2009). Peace education in conflict and post-conflict societies: Comparative perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melvern, L. R. (2000). A people betrayed: The role of the West in Rwanda’s genocide. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. (1985). Nature and needs of educational administration in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Caribbean Journal of Education, 12, 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milligan, J. A. (2010). The prophet and the engineer meet under the mango tree: Leadership, education, and conflict in the Southern Philippines. Educational Policy, 24(1), 28–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1990). In-depth Interviewing: Researching people. Hong Kong: Longman Cheshire Pty Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (2013). 2012 Education statistics year book. Kigali: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moghalu, K. C. (2005). Rwanda’s genocide: The politics of global justice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mosselson, J., Wheaton, W., & Frisoli, P. G. (2009). Education and fragility: A synthesis of the literature. Journal of Education for International Development, 4(1), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. (2012). Statistical year book 2012. Kigali: NISR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, M., Elliott, J., Terlouw, C., & Pilot, A. (2009). Neocolonialism in education: Cooperative learning, Western pedagogy in an Asian context. Comparative Education, 45(1), 109–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novelli, M. (2010). The new geopolitics of educational aid: From cold wars to holy wars? International Journal of Educational Development, 30(5), 453–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novelli, M., & Lopes Cardozo, M. (2008). Conflict, education and the global south: New critical directions. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(4), 473–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyirazinyoye, L. (2011). Effect of a community-based mentoring program on behavioral and educational outcomes among children living in youth-headed households in Rwanda: Influential child and caregivers characteristics. Parkway: UMI dissertation publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue, T., & Clarke, S. (2010). Leading learning: Process, themes and issues in international contexts. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue, T. (2007). Planning your qualitative research project. An introduction to interpretive research in education. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oplatka, I. (2004). The principalship in developing countries: Context, characteristics and reality. Comparative Education, 40(3), 427–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otunga, R., Serem, D. K., & Kindiki, J. N. (2008). School leadership development in Africa. In J. Lumby, G. Crow, & P. Pashiardis (Eds.), International handbook on the preparation and development of school leaders (pp. 367–382). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, J. (Ed.). (2011a). Education, conflict, and development. Wallingford: Symposium Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, J. (Ed.). (2011b). Education and reconciliation: Exploring conflict and post-conflict situations. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, J., & Rappleye, J. (2007). Education and conflict: Essay review. International Journal of Educational Development, 27, 340–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pidgeon, N., & Henwood, K. (1996). Grounded theory: Practical implementation. In J. T. E. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of qualitative research methods for psychology and the social sciences (pp. 86–101). Leicester: The British Psychological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prunier, G. (1995). The Rwanda crisis: A history of genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to education: A further international update and implications. The Journal of Human Resources, 20(4), 583–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punch, K. F. (1998). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punch, K. F. (2000). Developing effective research proposals. London and New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punch, K. F. (2009). Introduction to research methods in education. Los Angeles: Sage Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, F., Lingard, B., & Lavia, J. (2006). Postcolonialism and education: Negotiating a contested terrain. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 14(3), 249–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarantakos, S. (2005). Social research (3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, S. B. (1995). Parental involvement and the political principle: Why the existing governance structure of schools should be abolished. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. H. (2012). Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, T. (1999). Progressive attempts to turn crisis into challenge. In L. C. Ehric & J. Knight (Eds.), Leadership in crisis? Restructuring principled practice (pp. 27–35). Flaxton, Queensland: Post Pressed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, M. (2002). Planning education in and after emergencies. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, M. (2007). Education in emergencies. Commonwealth Education Partnerships, 52–56. Retrieved from http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/52-56-2007.pdf

  • Smith, A. (2005). Education in the twenty-first century: Conflict, reconstruction and reconciliation. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 35(4), 373–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, M. (2002). Children, education and war: Reaching Education for All (EFA) objectives in countries affected by conflict. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sovachana, P. (2012). Progress and challenges of education in Cambodia today. In P. Sothirak, G. Wade, & M. Hong (Eds.), Cambodia progress and challenges since 1991 (pp. 292–319). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology: An overview. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (pp. 273–285). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subedi, B., & Daza, S. L. (2008). The possibilities of postcolonial praxis in education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 11(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tikly, L. (2001). Globalisation and education in the postcolonial world: Towards a conceptual framework. Comparative Education, 37(2), 151–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, K., & Benefield, P. (2005). Education and conflict: Research and research possibilities. Slough, Berkshire: National Foundation for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torsti, P. (2009). Segregated education and texts: A challenge to peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Journal on World Peace, 26(2), 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vroom, H. V., & Jago, G. A. (2007). The role of the situation in leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, L. (2009). Issues in reinventing school leadership: Reviewing the OECD report on improving school leadership from an Australian perspective. Leading & Managing, 15(1), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, M. H., Freedman, W. S., & Hughson, H. (2007). School voices: Challenges facing education systems after identity-based conflicts. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(1), 41–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2005). Reshaping the future: Education and postconflict reconstruction. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Karareba, G., Clarke, S., O’Donoghue, T. (2018). Introduction. In: Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60263-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60264-6

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics