Abstract
Shipping has been an important part of the world economy for at least 4000 years. With the advent of steamships in the nineteenth century, international trade blossomed. Recent developments, particularly in containerization, have increased the economic significance of shipping. As ships have increased in size, and the amount of trade that they carry has increased, the risks to the environment have likewise increased. These risks involve pollution from oil, hazardous and noxious substances, sewage, garbage, antifouling treatments, noise and wrecks. Over the past 40 years, increasing efforts have been made to manage these risks. These have been successful in respect of ship losses and oil pollution, but other areas remain of concern.
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Notes
- 1.
“Gross tonnage” is a measure of the “moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship” (International Convention on the Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969, and is calculated from the volume of the ship multiplied by a reduction factor which increases with the size of the ship.
- 2.
The “Gulfs Area” is the sea area between the Arabian Peninsula and the mainland of Asia.
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Simcock, A. (2018). Shipping. In: Salomon, M., Markus, T. (eds) Handbook on Marine Environment Protection . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_6
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