Abstract
While there has been considerable academic, political and economic attention given to the development of smart futures, little attention has been paid to the impact of smart technologies on childhood. The chapters in this section focus on the impact of emerging technologies in society, and our intention here is to consider some of the challenges which arise in safeguarding children in digital environments. Children, previously ignored in sociological analysis, have increasingly become the centre of social science attention with the growth of childhood studies (see [35]) and framed, arguably often inappropriately, as digital natives [67]. Many of these analyses remain, as Holloway and Valentine argued in [31] either ‘cybertopian’ or ‘cybercritical’, yet adopting such polarised standpoints is unhelpful in understanding the challenges that smart technologies bring. This chapter sets out to consider some of the emerging trends, developments and challenges associated with the design and applications of future technologies and smart environments in safeguarding children online.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
References
Ainsaar, M., & Lööf, L (Eds.) (2011). Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. Literature report: Robert. Available from http://www.childcentre.info/robert/public/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_abuse.pdf. Accessed on 05 Sept 2016.
Anti-Bullying Alliance (online). Cyberbullying and children and young people with SEN and disabilities: the views of young people – SEN and disability: developing effective anti-bullying practice. Available from http://www.anti-bullyingalliance.org.uk/media/7443/disabled-young-peoples-views-on-cyberbullying-report.pdf
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society. London: Sage.
Blum-Ross, A. (2015). What foster and adoptive parents need to know about digital media – Part 2: The risks. Parenting for a digital future (29 Apr 2015). Blog Entry.
Bond, E. (2010). Managing mobile relationships: Children’s perceptions of the impact of the mobile phone on relationships in their everyday lives. Childhood, 17(4), 514–529.
Bond, E. (2010). The mobile phone = bike shed? Children, sex and mobile phones. New Media & Society, 13(4), 587–604.
Bond, E. (2013). Mobile phones, risk and responsibility: Understanding children’s perceptions. CyberPsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(1), article 3. Available from http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2013011602. Accessed on 19 Sept 2016.
Bond, E. (2014). Childhood, mobile technologies and everyday experiences. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Brå. (2007). The online sexual solicitation of children by adults in Sweden. English summary of Brå report 2007:11. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. Available from https://www.bra.se/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f1800024473/1371914733988/2007_11_online_sexual_solicitation_of_children.pdf
Byron, T. (2008). Safer children in a digital world: The report of the Byron review. Available from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101021152907/ http://publications.education.gov.uk/eorderingdownload/dcsf-00334-2008.pdf
Carrick-Davies, S. (2012). Munch, poke, ping: Vulnerable young people, social media and e-safety. Available from http://www.carrick-davies.com/downloads/Munch_Poke_Ping_-_E-safety_and_Vulnerable_Young_People_-_Executive_Summary_-_updated_Nov_2012.pdf. Accessed 06 Sept 2016.
College of Policing. (2016). Briefing note: Police action in response to youth produced sexual imagery (‘Sexting’) Version 1.0, Nov 2016. Available from: http://www.college.police.uk/News/College-news/Documents/Police_action_in_response_to_sexting_-_briefing_%28003%29.pdf
Corish, K. (2014). Making the connection: Engaging parents with online safety. Available from http://www.kencorish.info/making-the-connection-engaging-parents-with-online-safety/. Accessed 11 Sept 2016.
Couvillon, M. A., & Ilieva, V. (2011). Recommended practices: A review of schoolwide preventative programs and strategies on cyberbullying. Preventing School Failure. Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 96–101.
Cowie, H. (2011). Coping with the emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying: How research can inform practice. International Journal of Emotional Education, 3(2), 50–56.
Cranmer, S. (2012). Listening to excluded young people's experiences of e-safety and risk. Learning, Media and Technology, 38(1), 72–85.
Criminal Justice Joint Inspection. (2013). Examining multi-agency responses to children and young people who sexually offend. Available from http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/prisons/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/04/Children_and_Young_People_who_Sexually_Offend_Thematic_Report_310113_Final.pdf
Cross, E. J., Richardson, B., Douglas, T., & Vonkaenel-Flatt, J. (2009). Virtual violence: Protecting children from cyberbullying. London: Beatbullying.
Davidson, J., & Martellozzo, E. (2008). Protecting children in cyberspace. In G. Letherby, P. Birch, M. Cain, & K. Williams (Eds.), Sex as crime. Cullompton: Willan.
Davidson, J., Grove-Hills, J., Bifulco, A., Gottschalk, P., Caretti, V., Pham, T., & Webster, S. (2011). Online abuse: Literature review and policy context. European online grooming project. Available from http://childcentre.info/robert/extensions/robert/doc/99f4c1bbb0876c9838d493b8c406a121.pdf. Accessed on 15 Sept 2016.
Day, L. (2016). Resilience for the digital world: Research into children and young people’s social and emotional wellbeing online. Young Minds and ECORYS. Available from http://www.youngminds.org.uk/assets/0002/5852/Resilience_for_the_Digital_World.pdf. Accessed on 18 Sept 2016.
Ey, L.-A., & Cupit, C. G. (2011). Exploring young children’s understanding of risks associated with internet usage and their concepts of management strategies. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 9(1), 53–65.
Ey, L.-A., Taddeo, C., & Spears, B. (2015). Cyberbullying and primary-school aged children: The psychological literature and the challenge for sociology. Societies, 5(2), 492–514.
Fostering Network. (2011). The heart of the matter: Supporting family contact for fostered children – Handbook on contact. London: Fostering Network.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Good, B., & Fang, L. (2015). Promoting smart and safe Internet use among children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(2), 179–188.
Göran Svedin, C. (2011). Research evidence into behavioural patterns which lead to becoming a victim of sexual abuse In M. Ainsaar, & L. Lööf. (Eds.). Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. Literature report: Robert. 37–49. Available from http://www.childcentre.info/robert/public/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_abuse.pdf. Accessed on 05 Sept 2016.
HM Government. (2015). Working together to safeguard children: A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/419595/Working_Together_to_Safeguard_Children.pdf. Accessed on 15 Sept 2016.
HM Government. (2016). Keeping children safe in education: Statutory guidance for schools and colleges. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/550511/Keeping_children_safe_in_education.pdf. Accessed on 26 Sept 2016.
HMIC. (2015). Online and on the edge: Real risks in a virtual world. Available from http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/online-and-on-the-edge.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2016.
Holloway, S., & Valentine, G. (2002). Cyberkids: Youth identities and communities in an on-line world. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Hope, A. (2015). Schoolchildren, governmentality and national e-safety policy discourse. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 36(3), 343–353.
Horvath, M. A. H., Alys, L., Massey, K., Pina, A., Scally, M., & Adler, J. R. (2013). “basically... Porn is everywhere”: A rapid evidence assessment on the effect that access and exposure to pornography has on children and young people. London: University of Middlesex and the Office of the Children’s Commissioner. Available from https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Basically_porn_is_everywhere.pdf.
Internet Watch Foundation. (2016). Annual report 2015. Cambridge. Available from https://www.iwf.org.uk/assets/media/annual-reports/IWF%202015%20Annual%20Report%20Final%20for%20web.pdf
James, A., Jenks, C., & Prout, A. (1998). Theorizing childhood. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lam, C. W. C., & Frydenberg, E. (2012). Coping in the cyberworld: Program implementation and evaluation – A pilot project. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 19(2), 196–215.
Lilley, C., & Ball, R. (2013). Younger children and social networking sites: A blind spot. London: NSPCC. Available online from www.nspcc.org.uk/blindspot
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2009a). EU kids online: Final report. London: LSE. EU Kids Online. Available from http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20I%20(2006-9)/EU%20Kids%20Online%20I%20Reports/EUKidsOnlineFinalReport.pdf. Accessed on 18 Sept 2016.
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2009b). Introduction. In S. Livingstone & L. Haddon (Eds.), Kids online: Opportunities and risks for children (pp. 1–6). Bristol: Policy Press.
Livingstone, S., & Palmer, T. (2012). Identifying vulnerable children online and what strategies can help them. London: UK Safer Internet Centre. Available from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44222/. Accessed on 02 Sept 2016.
Livingstone, S., Carr, J. and Byrne, J. (2015). One in three: Internet governance and children’s rights. Global commission of internet governance. Available from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no22_2.pdf. Accessed on 18 Sept 2016.
Livingstone, S., Davidson, J., Bryce, J., Millwood Hargrave, A., & Grove-Hills, J. (2012). Children’s online activities risks and safety: The UK evidence base. London: UKCCIS. Available from http://www.saferinternet.org.uk/content/childnet/safterinternetcentre/downloads/Research_Highlights/UKCCIS_Report_2012.pdf
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., and Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children.Full findings and policy implications from the EU kids online survey of 9–16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries. London: LSE. EU Kids Online. Available from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/1/Risks%20and%20safety%20on%20the%20internet%28lsero%29.pdf
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Vincent, J., Mascheroni, G., & Ólafsson, K. (2014b). Net children go mobile: The UK report. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Available from https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20III/Reports/NCGMUKReportfinal.pdf
Livingstone, S., Marsh, J., Plowman, L., Ottovordemgentschenfelde, S., & Fletcher-Watson, B. (2014a). Young children (0–8) and digital technology: A qualitative exploratory study – National report – UK. Luxembourg: Joint Research Centre, European Commission.
Lööf, L. (2011). Introduction. In M. Ainsaar & L. Lööf (Eds.), Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse literature report, Robert (pp. 7–9.) Available from http://www.childcentre.info/robert/public/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_abuse.pdf. Accessed on 05 Sept 2016.
May-Chahal, C., Mason, C., Rashid, A., Walkerdine, J., Rayson, P., & Greenwood, P. (2012). Safeguarding cyborg childhoods: Incorporating the on/offline behaviour of children into everyday social work practices. British Journal of Social Work, 44, 596–614.
Millwood Hargrave, A., & Livingstone, S. (2009). Harm and offence in media content: a review of the evidence. Available from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/49000/1/Livingstone_Harm_offence_media_2009.pdf. Accessed on 14 Sept 2016.
Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Online requests for sexual pictures from youth: Risk factors and incident characteristics. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(2), 196–203.
Monks, C. P., Robinson, S., & Worlidge, P. (2012). The emergence of cyberbullying: A survey of primary school pupils’ perceptions and experiences. School Psychology International, 33(5), 477–491.
Munro, E. (2011). The protection of children online: A brief scoping review to identify vulnerable groups. Childhood Wellbeing Research Centre. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/181476/CWRC-00085-2011.pdf. Accessed 06 Sept 2016.
NatCen. (2014). Tackling homophobic, biphobic and transphobic bullying among school-age children and young people. Findings from a mixed methods study of teachers, other providers and pupils. Available from http://natcen.ac.uk/media/563016/natcen-social-research-hbt-bullying-findings.pdf. Accessed on 16 Sept 2016.
NFER. (2010). Children’s online risks and safety a review of the available evidence. Available from https://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/COJ01/COJ01.pdf
Niven, K. (2016). What are the police doing to help parents and children? Presented at the 4th Annual Child Internet Safety Summit, 29th November 2016, London.
Noll, J. G., Shenk, C. E., Barnes, J. E., & Putnam, F. W. (2009). Childhood abuse, avatar choices, and other risk factors associated with internet-initiated victimization of adolescent girls. Pediatrics, 123(6), 1078–1083.
NSPCC. (2015). Always there when I need you. Available from https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/annual-reports/childline-annual-review-always-there-2014-2015.pdf
O’Neill, B., & Dinh, T. (2015). Mobile technologies and the incidence of cyberbullying in seven European countries: Findings from net children go mobile. Societies, 5(2), 384–398.
O’Neill, B., & McLaughlin, S. (2011). Report D7.1 recommendations on safety initiatives. EU London: Kidsonline, LSE. Available from http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20II%20(2009-11)/EUKidsOnlineIIReports/D71Policy_Implications.pdf
Ofcom. (2014). Children and parents: Media use and attitudes report. London: Ofcom. Available from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/media-literacy/media-use-attitudes-14/Childrens_2014_Report.pdf
Ofcom. (2015). Half of UK homes turn to tablets – in just five years. Available from http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2015/five-years-of-tablets/
Ofcom. (2016). Children’s media Lives – Year 2 findings. Available from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/media-literacy/childrens-media-lives-year-2/children_media_lives_year2.pdf
Palmer, T. (2015). Digital dangers: The impact of technology on the sexual abuse and exploitation of children and young people. Barnardo’s and the Marie Collins Foundation. Available online from http://www.barnardos.org.uk/onlineshop/pdf/digital_dangers_report.pdf. Accessed 24 Aug 2016.
Papatraianou, L. H., Levine, D., & West, D. (2014). Resilience in the face of cyberbullying: An ecological perspective on young people’s experiences of online adversity. Pastoral Care in Education, 32(4), 264–283.
Phippen, A. (2012). Sexting: An exploration of practices, attitudes and influences. London: NSPCC. Available from https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/sexting-exploration-practices-attitudes-influences-report-2012.pdf. Accessed 12 Sept 2016.
Phippen, A. (2016). Children’s online behaviour and safety – Policy and rights challenges: A case study of child online safety in the UK 2010–2015. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Pinar, V., Yesim, U., & Vinnur, E. K. (2015). Relationship between symptoms of disruptive behavior disorders and unsafe internet usage in early adolescence. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 52(3), 240–246.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants on the horizon (MCB University Press, 9: 5, 1–6 Available online from http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf
PSHE Association. (2016). Key principles of effective prevention education. Available online from https://www.pshe-association.org.uk/sites/default/files/PSHE%20Association%20report%20to%20CEOP%20April%202016%20FINAL.pdf
Schilder, J. D., Brusselaers, M. B. J., & Bogaerts, S. (2016). The effectiveness of an intervention to promote awareness and reduce online risk behavior in early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(2), 286–300.
Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Schultze, M., Zagorscak, P., Wölfer, R., & Scheithauer, H. (2015). Feeling cybervictims’ pain – The effect of empathy training on cyberbullying. Aggressive Behaviour, 42(2), 147–156.
Simpson, J. E. (2015). Technology and the fostered child: A new social work response. Sociological Studies of Children and Youth, 19, 351–367.
Simpson, J. E. (2013). Managing unregulated contact in the age of new technology: Possible solutions. Adoption & Fostering, 37(4), 380–388.
Stanley, T., & Guru, S. (2015). Childhood radicalisation risk: An emerging practice issue. Practice, 27(5), 353–366.
STIR. (2015). Safeguarding teenage intimate relationships (STIR) connecting online and offline contexts and risks. Briefing report Available from http://stiritup.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/STIR-Briefing-Paper-1-English-final-.pdf
Stonewall. (2012). The school report: The experiences of gay young people in Britain’s schools in 2012. Stonewall. Available from https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/The_School_Report__2012_.pdf. Accessed 06 Sept 2012.
Third, A., Bellerose, D., Dawkins, U., Keltie, E., & Pihl, K. (2014). Children’s rights in the digital age: A download from children around the world. Melbourne: Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre. Available from http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Childrens_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age_A_Download_from_Children_Around_the_World_FINAL.pdf
UKCCIS. (2015). Child safety online: A practical guide for providers of social media and interactive services. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/517335/UKCCIS_Child_Safety_Online-Mar2016.pdf. Accessed on 06 Sept 2016.
UKCISS. (2016). Sexting in schools and colleges: Responding to incidents and safeguarding young people. Available online from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/551575/6.2439_KG_NCA_Sexting_in_Schools_WEB__1_.PDF
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New Media and Society, 11(8), 1349–1371.
Vandebosch, H. (2014). Schools and cyberbullying: Problem perception, current actions and needs. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 7(1), 29–47.
Vandoninck, S., d'Haenens, L., & Roe, K. (2013). Online risks: Coping strategies of less resilient children and teenagers across Europe. Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 60–78.
Vandoninck, S., d’Haenens, L., & Segers, K. (2012). Coping and resilience: Children’s responses to online risks. In S. Livingstone, L. Haddon, & A. Görzig (Eds.), Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective (pp. 203–216). Bristol: The Policy Press.
Watkin, A., Lindqvist, S., Black, J., & Watts, F. (2009). Report on the implementation and evaluation of an interprofessional learning programme for inter-agency child protection teams. Child Abuse Review, 18, 151–167.
Wespieser, K. (2015). Young people and e-safety: The results of the 2015 London grid for learning e-safety survey. Slough: NFER. Available from https://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/LLGR01/LLGR01.pdf
Whittle, H. C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., & Beech, A. R. (2014). In their own words: Young peoples’ vulnerabilities to being groomed and sexually abused online. Psychology, 5, 1185–1196.
Whittle, H. C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Beech, A. R., & Collings, G. (2013). A review of young people's vulnerabilities to online grooming. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 135–146.
Przybylski, A. K., Mishkin, A., Shotbolt, V., Linington, S. (2014). A shared responsibility building children’s online resilience: An independent research paper commissioned and supported by Virgin Media and The Parent Zone. Available from https://parentzone.org.uk/sites/default/files/VM%20Resilience%20Report.pdf. Accessed on 18 Sep 2016.
Ainsaar, M. and Soo, K. (2011). Regional, thematic and methodological coverage of online activities related to child sexual violence literature – in Ainsaar, M. and Lööf, L. (Eds.) Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse (pp. 19–34). Literature report: Robert. Available from http://www.childcentre.info/robert/public/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_abuse.pdf. Accessed on 05 Sep 2016.
Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2011). Risk factors and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(23), 1–4.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bond, E., Rawlings, V. (2018). Virtual Vulnerability: Safeguarding Children in Digital Environments. In: Dastbaz, M., Arabnia, H., Akhgar, B. (eds) Technology for Smart Futures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60137-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60137-3_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60136-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60137-3
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)