Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Post-Conflict Power-Sharing Agreements pp 101–124Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Pathways to Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Islamist Groups in Lebanon and Mali

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 665 Accesses

Abstract

Gade and Bøås examine the question: Why do some population groups choose to turn away from the state and opt for violence, while other groups that may be equally frustrated with the state remain engaged with the existing polity? This question is addressed by analyzing case studies from Lebanon and Mali. Focus is put on the political behaviour of Islamist groups and individuals, and in particular on the factors that determine the acceptance, or not, of engaging in peaceful reconciliation. Revisiting the lessons learned from the divided societies of Lebanon and Mali, the authors assess the conditions under which reconciliation efforts and power-sharing agreements in Syria may become sustainable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • AbuKhalil, As’ad. 1994. The Incoherence of Islamic Fundamentalism: Arab Islamic Thought at the end of the 20th Century. Middle East Journal 48 (4): 677–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amghar, Samir. 2011. Le Salafisme d’aujourd’hui. Mouvements sectaires en Occident. Paris: Michalon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beinin, Joel, and Frédéric Vairel. 2013. Social Movements, Mobilization and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benard, Cheryl. 2003. Civic, Democratic Islam: Partners, Resources and Strategies. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1716.sum.pdf. Accessed Mar 2017.

  • Benford, Robert D., and David A. Snow. 2000. Framing Processes and Social Movements: an Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology 26: 611–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bøås, Morten. 2014. Guns, Money and Prayers: AQIM’s Blueprint for Securing Control of Northern Mali. CTC Sentinel 7 (4): 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. Crime, Coping and Resistance in the Mali-Sahel periphery. African Security 8 (4): 299–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. The Politics of Conflict Economies: Miners, Merchants and Warriors in the African Borderland. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bøås, Morten, and Liv Elin Torheim. 2013. The Trouble in Mali – Corruption, Collusion, Resistance. Third World Quarterly 34 (7): 1279–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1971. Genèse et structure du champ religieux. Revue Francaise de Sociologie 12 (3): 295–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1981. La représentation politique. Eléments pour une théorie du champ politique. Actes de Recherche en Sciences Sociales 36/37: 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, James C. 1962. Towards a Theory of Revolution. American Sociological Review 27 (1): 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fligstein, Neil. 2001. Social Skill and the Theory of Fields. Sociological Theory 19: 105–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gade, Tine. 2009. Return to Tripoli: Battle over Minds and Meaning Amongst Religious Leaders Within the Field of Islamism in Tripoli (Lebanon). Kjeller: FFI-Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. From Genesis to Disintegration: the Crisis of the Political-Religious Field in Tripoli, Lebanon (2011–2015). PhD Thesis, Sciences Po, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Sunni Islamists in Tripoli and the Assad Regime. 1966–2014. Syria Studies 7 (2): 20–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. Limiting Violent Spillover in Civil Wars: the Paradoxes of Lebanese Sunni Jihadism, 2011–17. Contemporary Arab Affairs 10 (2): 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICG. 2008. Lebanon’s Hezbollah’s Weapons Turn Inwards. Beirut/Brussels: International Crisis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamber, Brandon and Graínne Kelly. 2004. Reconciliation: A Working Definition. Ottawa: Democratic Dialogue. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/papers/dd04recondef.pdf. Accessed Mar 2017.

  • Hegghammer, Thomas. 2009a. The Ideological Hybridization of Jihadi Groups. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 9, November 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • James D. Fearon, David D. Laitin, (1996) Explaining Interethnic Cooperation. American Political Science Review 90 (04): 715–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, James and Jeff Goodwin. 2012. Contention in Context: Political Opportunities and the Emergence of Protest. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009b. Jihadi-Salafists or Revolutionaries? On Religion and Politics in the Study of Militant Islam. In Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, ed. Roel Meijer, 244–266. London: Hurst & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegghammer, Thomas, and Stéphane Lacroix. 2007. Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia, the Story of Juhayman al-‘Utaybi Revisited. International Journal of Middle East Studies 39 (1): 103–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kepel, Gilles. 2004. Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam. Boston: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix, Stéphane. 2008. ‘Les nouveaux intellectuels religieux saoudiens : le Wahhabisme en question’, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 123, July 2008: 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Boston: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Les frères musulmans égyptiens à l’épreuve du pouvoir. Politique Internationale 138, Winter 2013: 207–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix, Stéphane, and Ahmad Zaghloun Chalata. 2015. Le Salafisme révolutionaire dans l’Égypte post-Moubarak. In L’Égypte en revolutions, ed. Bernard Rougier and Stéphane Lacroix. Paris: PUF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lecombe, Delphine. 2014. « Nous sommes tous en faveur des victimes ». La diffusion de la justice transitionnelle en Colombie. Paris: Institut Universitaire Varenne, LGDJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefranc, Sandrine. 2008. La justice transitionnelle n’est pas un concept. Mouvements 53 (1): 61–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux, Cyrile. 2009. Le Devoir et la Grace. Paris: Economica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy, Paul E. 2016. Jihad in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions. Athens: Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, Doug. 2005. Pour dépasser l’analyse structurale de l’engagement militant. In Le Desengagement Militant, ed. Fillieule. Paris: Belin.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, Roel. 2009. ‘Introduction’, in Roel Meijer. 2009. Ed. Global salafism : Islam’s new religious movement, New York: Oxford University Press: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. Salafisme: de l’observation doctrinale à l’engagement politique. Moyen-Orient 33, January–March: 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayel, Mohamed Ali. 2017. Tripoli’s Unseen Faces. Jadaliyya, January 19. http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/20582/tripoli%E2%80%99s-unseen-faces. Accessed Mar 2017.

  • Pall, Zoltan. 2014. Kuwaiti Salafism and its Growing Influence in the Levant. Washington, DC: Carnegie Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintan Wiktorowicz, (2006) Anatomy of the Salafi Movement. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29 (3): 207–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Rougier, Bernard. 2007. Everyday Jihad. The Rise of Militant Islam among Palestinians in Lebanon, Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. L’Oumma en fragments: Controler le Sunnisme au Liban. Paris: PUF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, Olivier. 1992. L’Échec de l’islam politique, Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarrow, Sidney, and Doug McAdam. 2005. Scale Shift in Transnational Contention. In Transnational Protests & Global Activism, ed. Donatella Della Porta and Sidney Tarrow, 121–147. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Verta, and Nalla Van Dyke. 2007. Get Up, Stand up: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi, 262–293. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Utas, Mats and Henrik Vigh. 2017. ‘Radicalized youth: oppositional poses and positions’, in Morten Bøås and Kevin C. Dunn (eds.) Africa’s Insurgents: Navigating an Evolving Landscape, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers: 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utvik, Bjørn Olav. 2011. Islamismen. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The Ikhwanization of the Salafists: Piety in the Politics of Egypt and Kuwait. Middle East Critique 23 (1): 5–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidino, Lorenzo. 2010. The Role of Non-Violent Islamists in Europe. West Point: Combating Terrorism Centre (CTC). https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-role-of-non-violent-islamists-in-europe. Accessed Mar 2017.

  • Volpi, Fredric. 2010. Framing Islamism: Understanding the Dynamics of Globalized Violence and Politics. International Studies Review 12 (2): 430–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wehrey, Frederic. 2014. Sectarian Politics in the Gulf: From the Iraq War to the Arab Uprisings. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo, Norway

    Tine Gade & Morten Bøås

  2. Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Firenze, Italy

    Tine Gade

Authors
  1. Tine Gade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Morten Bøås
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tine Gade .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Social Justice and Conflict Resolution, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Imad Salamey

  2. Peacebuilding and Development Institute, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Mohammed Abu-Nimer

  3. United States Institute of Peace, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Elie Abouaoun

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gade, T., Bøås, M. (2018). Pathways to Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Islamist Groups in Lebanon and Mali. In: Salamey, I., Abu-Nimer, M., Abouaoun, E. (eds) Post-Conflict Power-Sharing Agreements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60104-5_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation