Abstract
Methadone is a synthetic opioid used to treat chronic pain and for maintenance therapy in opiate dependence. Methadone may cause QT prolongation and torsades de pointes, an arrhythmia. Several risk factors predispose patients to the development of this potentially fatal arrhythmia. Careful patient selection, mitigating risk factors, and regular monitoring are recommended to prescribers of methadone. With the increased number of methadone-related deaths, more research is needed to bridge informational gaps regarding its safety.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Caplehorn JR, Dalton MS, Haldar F, Petrenas AM, Nisbet JG. Methadone maintenance and addicts’ risk of fatal heroin overdose. Subst Use Misuse. 1996;31:177–96.
Gronbladh L, Ohlund LS, Gunne LM. Mortality in heroin addiction: impact of methadone treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1990;82:223–7.
National Institutes of Health: NIH consensus panel recommends expanding access to and improving methadone treatment programs for heroin addiction. Eur Addict Res. 1999;5:50–1.
Chou R, Weimer MB, Dana T. Methadone overdose and cardiac arrhythmia potential: findings from a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence clinical practice guideline. J Pain. 2014;15:338–65.
Chou R. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2004;26:1026.
General Accountability Office: Methadone-associated overdose deaths: factors contributing to increased deaths and efforts to prevent them. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-341. Accessed 16 Nov 2015.
Lynch ME. A review of the use of methadone for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain. Pain Res Manag. 2005;10:133–44.
Inturrisi CE. Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S3–S13.
Anderson R, Saiers JH, Abram S, Schlicht C. Accuracy in equianalgesic dosing: conversion dilemmas. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2001;21:397–406.
Christie JM. Opioid prescribing: methadone risk mitigation. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Newsletter. 2011;26:1–15.
Krantz MJ, Lewkowiez L, Hays H, Woodroffe MA, Robertson AD, Mehler PS. Torsades de pointes associated with very-high-dose methadone. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:501–4.
Fanoe S, Hvidt C, Ege P, Jensen GB. Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen. Heart. 2007;93:1051–5.
Cruciani RA, Sekine R, Homel P, et al. Measurement of QTc in patients receiving chronic methadone therapy. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2005;29:385–91.
Chang KC, Huang CL, Liang HY, et al. Gender-specific differences in susceptibility to low dose methadone-associated QTc prolongation in patients with heroin dependence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:527–33.
Athanasos P, Farquharson AL, Compton P, Psaltis P, Hay J. Electrocardiogram characteristics of methadone and buprenorphine maintained subjects. J Addict Dis. 2008;27:31–5.
Fareed A, Vayalapalli S, Byrd-Sellers J, et al. Onsite QTc interval screening for patients in methadone maintenance treatment. J Addict Dis. 2010;29:15–22.
Maremmani I, Pacini M, Cesaroni C, Lovrecic M, Perugi G, Tagliamonte A. QTc interval prolongation in patients on long-term methadone maintenance therapy. Eur Addict Res. 2005;11:44–9.
Mayet S, Gossop M, Lintzeris N, Markides V, Strang J. Methadone maintenance, QTc and torsades de pointes: who needs an electrocardiogram and what is the prevalence of QTc prolongation? Drug Alcohol Rev. 2011;30:388–96.
Katz DF, Sun J, Khatri V, et al. QTc interval screening in an opioid treatment program. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1013–8.
Peles E, Bodner G, Kreek MJ, Rados V, Adelson M. Corrected-QT intervals as related to methadone dose and serum level in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients: a cross-sectional study. Addiction. 2007;102:289–300.
Roy AK, McCarthy C, Kiernan G, et al. Increased incidence of QT interval prolongation in a population receiving lower doses of methadone maintenance therapy. Addiction. 2012;107:1132–9.
Krantz MJ, Lewkowiez L, Hays H, Woodroffe MA, Robertson AD, Mehler PS. Dose-related effects of methadone on QT prolongation in a series of patients with torsades de pointes. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:802–5.
Martell BA, Arnsten JH, Krantz MJ, Gourevitch MN. Impact of methadone treatment on cardiac repolarization and conduction in opioid users. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:915–8.
Justo D, Gal-Oz A, Paran Y, Goldin Y, Zeltser D. Methadone-associated torsades de pointes (polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) in opioid-dependent patients. Addiction. 2006;101:1333–8.
Anchersen K, Clausen T, Gossop M, Hansteen V, Waal H. Prevalence and clinical relevance of corrected QT interval prolongation during methadone and buprenorphine treatment: a mortality assessment study. Addiction. 2009;104:993–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shashoua, A. (2018). Torsades de Pointes After Methadone Treatment. In: Anitescu, M., Benzon, H., Wallace, M. (eds) Challenging Cases and Complication Management in Pain Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60072-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60072-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60070-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60072-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)